In the case of pathologically negative findings at EMR, tumors might have been small enough to have been removed by the previous forceps biopsy. However, the possibility of sampling error or of a different location should be considered. Furthermore, appropriate communication between endoscopists and pathologists is essential.

Increased postoperative pain may be caused by central nervous system plasticity, which may be related to actions of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors on neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Opioids act mainly on presynaptic receptors and reduce neurotransmitter release, while ketamine antagonizes NMDA receptors and prevents wind-up and long-term potentiation. Thus, we postulated that central nervous system sensitization would be prevented more effectively by the preoperative use of these two drugs simultaneously, and the effect of preemptive analgesia would be demonstrated. Ketamine, 60 mg, and morphine, 2 mg, were injected epidurally through an indwelling catheter that was inserted at the T7-8 interspace in 60 ASA physical status class 1-2 patients. The drugs were injected before induction of anesthesia (Group 1; n = 30) or immediately after removal of a surgical specimen (Group 2; n = 30). An additional 2 mg of morphine was injected when the patients complained of resting pain. The analgesic effect was assessed by the time from first analgesic injection to second dose and the number of patients who needed supplemental injections. Complications were also noted. The duration of analgesia was longer (P < 0.01) in Group 1 (31.1 +/- 16.0 h) than in Group 2 (21.1 +/- 12.0 h), and the proportion of patients who needed supplemental injections was decreased (P < 0.05) in Group 1 (56.7%) compared with Group 2 (90.0%). The incidence of adverse effects was not different between the two groups. In conclusion, preoperative administration of morphine and ketamine is more effective in reducing postoperative pain than it is when given during the operation.

Abstract.[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to compare the participants' balance before and after the alcohol intake.[Subjects] This study conducted experiments by selecting adult subjects between the ages of 19 and 27. Thirty subjects (men=15, woman=15) were arranged into three groups. There were 10 people in each group.[Method] The three groups drank 0.05 mL/kg, 0.4 mL/kg and 0.8 mL/kg of alcohol, respectively. Romberg's test was applied to measure static balance ability. A static balancing ability test was conducted by applying Romberg's test in order to evaluate proprioceptive function.[Results] The results were similar for Romberg's test with the eyes open and closed. The results for Group III were mostly decreased immediately after alcohol intake. For 6 hours after alcohol intake, Groups I and II showed various levels of recovery including return to a normal status. However, Group III showed the least recovery.[Conclusion] The results indicate that the amount of alcohol intake affects on balance. This result also shows that having alcohol before work that requires intensive concentration would cause more accidents and injuries, as alcohol affects human static balance.

This study is a single-group pre-post experimental design to investigate the effect of the sexual education treatment program of the spinal cord disabled on the acceptance of disability, self-esteem and marital relationship enhancement. Disability acceptance of the spinal cord injury couple, spinal cord injury group and spinal cord injury spouse group showed statistically significant changes in pre-immediately post and pre-post. The self-esteem of the spinal cord injury couple, the spinal cord injury group and the spinal cord injury spouse group was statistically significant in the pre-immediately post but not statistically in the pre-post. This study by verifying the effectiveness of sex education programs of the spinal cord disabilities to provide basic data for the program to accommodate disabilities and promote self-esteem of the spinal cord and the disabled couple, in addition, we aim to contribute to the establishment of healthy family relationships and the improvement of quality of life by promoting spousal couple's marital relationship.