Alternative assessment approaches to standardized, norm-reference tests are increasingly recommended as best practice for assessing young children, especially those from minority backgrounds. This article discusses the cultural biases of traditional assessment approaches used with preschool- and kindergarten age-children, arguing for the need to broaden assessment practices to meet the needs of culturally and linguistically diverse populations. Four alternative approaches are described that can be integrated into everyday routines and can draw on the observations and interactions with children and families. These approaches are discussed in terms of their relevance to children and families with vastly different backgrounds within a transdisciplinary framework. Recommendations are provided for professionals who wish to adopt these approaches.
Purpose:The purpose of this study was to explore the experience of the meaning in life for elementary school students. Methods: The conceptual framework was based on the five main concepts (meaning in life, creativity, experiences, attitudes, choice and responsibility) of logotherapy. Data from 1,600 higher grade elementary school students were analyzed for content of meaning in life. Results: The experiences of meaning in life were identified as follows: Important things in my life (people close to me, things that brings me happiness, to live in earnest, surrounding environment), Activities I like to do (relaxing, achievements, family relationships), Experiences that made me feel like I am loved (taken care of by family, material recompense, being respected), Times when I feel grateful (receive love and care, health), Importance of choices (consequences of bad choices, result of good life choices). Conclusion: These results suggest that elementary school students can understand meaningcentered health education and this kind of education is necessary to promote their wholistic health. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
암 환자에게 있어서 진행성 또는 말기란 사망을 의미하며 현실적 으로 주위의 모든 것과 이별을 준비해야 하는 것을 의미하고 암의 단계가 진행성이나 말기일 경우, 대상자들의 생활을 붕괴하는 원인 이 되기도 한다. 3,4) 암은 말기로 진행될수록 육체적, 정신적 고통이 가중되는데, 의학적 발전으로 연명치료기간이 연장되면서 오히려 환자는 사망까지 힘든 치료를 경험해야 하고, 그로 인해 삶의 질이 저하된다. 5) 암은 극심한 고통으로 환자에게 부담을 주지만 부정적인 경험을 하는 상황에서도 주변의 의미와 삶의 의미를 재구성할 수 있는 기 회가 되며, 그러한 경우에는 환자의 정신적 건강에 긍정적으로 영 향을 미치게 된다. 5) Kim 3) 은 말기 암 환자들은 고통을 받으며 남은 생명을 유지해 가지만 그 제한된 삶은 인생에서 가장 중요하고 소 중하다고 하였다. 따라서 이 시기에 있는 말기 환자들이 자신이 처 한 상황에서 그 의미를 발견하고 실현하도록 돕는 것은 중요하다. 6) 의미중심 중재(meaning-centered intervention, MCI)는 Frankle 7) 이 제시한 의미요법에 기초를 두고 있다. 의미요법은 인간의 본질적인 문제를 영적인 차원에서 다루는 것으로서, 개인으로 하여금 생의 Purpose:The purpose of this study was to review studies of Meaning-Centered Intervention (MCI) in advanced or terminal cancer patients using Whittemore and Knafl' s integrative review method. Methods: We conducted a literature search using nine English or Korean electronic databases by using the keywords 'meaning therapy OR meaning-centered intervention OR psychotherapy' . All studies were original articles about MCI in peer-reviewed journals from inception to August 2017. A risk of bias assessment tool for nonrandomized studies was used for quality assessment. Results: Seventeen studies matched the criteria. Thirteen studies assessed through RoBANS had a low risk of bias in most areas. The most frequently used tools were 8 group intervention sessions around 90 or 120 minutes in length. The outcome variables used in this study were quality of life, anxiety, depression, meaning of life, and spiritual well-being. The purpose of MCI was to improve the spiritual well-being and quality of life for patients by finding meaning in life even when faced with cancer. Conclusion: In this study, spiritual care was identified as an important factor from the MCI applied evidence-based data. The MCI could be effective way to improve spiritual well-being for the patients with advanced or terminal cancer and their families.
Purpose: This mixed-methods study was conducted to compare and analyze the perceptions of children and their parents regarding the meaning of the children’s life. Methods: First, children’s and parents’ perceptions of the meaning of life were analyzed using a quantitative approach, and the cognitive differences between children and parents were then confirmed through a qualitative approach. We integrated the collected data comprehensively. Results: Ten significant differences (awareness of strong points, recognizing oneself as a precious being, relationships with friends, happy memories, liking people, experiencing difficulty, dreams and goals, experiencing love, appreciating life, helping people who are poorer than me) were identified between children and parents. The results of the content analysis of the qualitative data were divided into two variables: children’s experiences of the meaning of life (78 significant statements, 32 sub-themes, and 10 themes) and parents’ perceptions of the meaning of life of their children (89 significant statements, 36 sub-themes, and 10 themes). Conclusion: Based on these results, we propose developing meaning-centered intervention programs for children and parents and applying them for educational purposes. By doing so, we expect that meaning-centered education for elementary school students will become more active.
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