No abstract

No abstract

Anion exchanger 2 (AE2) has a critical role in epithelial cells and is involved in the ionic homeostasis such as Cl ¡ uptake and HCO 3 ¡ secretion. However, little is known about the regulatory mechanism of AE2. The main goal of the present study was to investigate potential regulators, such as spinophilin (SPL), inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate [IP 3 ] receptors binding protein released with IP 3 (IRBIT), STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) kinase, and carbonic anhydrase XII (CA XII). We found that SPL binds to AE2 and markedly increased the Cl ¡ /HCO 3 ¡ exchange activity of AE2. Especially SPL 1-480 domain is required for enhancing AE2 activity. For other regulatory components that affect the fidelity of fluid and HCO 3 ¡ secretion, IRBIT and SPAK had no effect on the activity of AE2 and no protein-protein interaction with AE2. It has been proposed that CA activity is closely associated with AE activity. In this study, we provide evidence that the basolateral membrane-associated CA isoform CA XII significantly increased the activity of AE2 and co-localized with AE2 to the plasma membrane. Collectively, SPL and CA XII enhanced the Cl ¡ /HCO 3 ¡ exchange activity of AE2. The modulating action of these regulatory proteins could serve as potential therapeutic targets for secretory diseases mediated by AE2.

As vehicular networking has recently been developed and commercialized, vehicular cloud computing has received much attention in various research areas, such as intelligent transportation systems and vehicular ad hoc networks. An efficient intersection traffic control using vehicular cloud computing is one of the key research topics in intelligent transportation systems. To efficiently deal with intersection traffic control via vehicle-to-vehicle communications, we design a distributed mutual exclusion algorithm that does not rely on broadcast, which introduces communication overheads; instead, our algorithm use point-to-point messages sent between the vehicles to keep network traffic load lower. In our algorithmic design, to pass an intersection, the lead vehicle on a lane must get permissions from a subset of other vehicles and its following vehicles on the same lane can follow the lead vehicle without permissions unlike the previous research. To evaluate the performance of our distributed mutual exclusion 123 J. Lim et al. algorithm, we conduct extensive experiments. The results show that our algorithmic design is both effective and efficient.

No abstract