We have investigated the effect of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) replacement after fetal hypophysectomy on the pattern of localization of enkephalin-containing peptides (enkephalins) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) in the fetal sheep adrenal. We have also investigated the relative roles of the fetal pituitary and adrenal cortex in determining the extent of the interdigitation of the peripheral adrenaline (AD)-containing cells of the adrenal medulla with the inner zones of the adrenal cortex in the late gestation fetus. Fetal hypophysectomy (Hx; n = 12) or sham operations (n = 8) were performd at 109–118d. At 138 or 139d, ACTH (1–24) (10.5 µg/h) was infused intravenously for 72 h into 4 Hx fetuses (Hx + ACTH group). Saline was infused for 72 h into 4 Hx fetuses (Hx + Sal) and into 4 sham-operated fetal sheep (Intact + Sal). Fetal adrenal glands were collected at autopsy from 141/2d Intact + Sal, Hx + Sal and Hx + ACTH groups, from 4 intact fetal sheep at 145–147d gestation (145/7d Intact group) and 4 Hx fetal sheep at 147–164d gestation (147/64d Hx group). Adrenals were also collected from 4 newborn lambs at 10–12d afterbirth (10/12d Newborn group). Using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical staining method, sections of adrenal glands (10–12 µm) from all groups were stained anti-PNMT. Sections of adrenal glands from the 141/2d groups were also stained separately with anti-dopamine-β-hydroxylase (anti-DβH) and anti-enkephalin (anti-ENK). Morphometric analyses were carried out on mid-glandular sections stained with anti-PNMT and an index of the interdigitation between the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla was calculated (i.e. interdigitation index = the ratio of the perimeter of the adrenal medulla to the perimeter of a circle of the same area as the adrenal medulla). In the 141/2dHx + Sal and the 141/2dHx + ACTH groups, more central adrenomedullary cells were stained with anti-PNMT than in the intact group. In the 141/2d Intact + Sal group, staining with anti-ENK was observed in the peripheral rim of adrenal medulla cells which were adjacent to and interdigi-tated with the cells of the adrenal cortex. In the intact and Intact + SAL group, the intensity of staining with anti-ENK in the central noradrenaline (NA)-containing region was variable with many unstained cells present. In the 141/2d Hx + Sal and Hx + ACTH groups, however, staining for enkephalins was present throughout the entire adrenal medulla. The interdigitation index of the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex was significantly increased in the 10/ 12d Newborn (3.00 ± 0.07), 145/7d Intact (2.68 ± 0.07), and the 141/2d Hx + ACTH (2.62 ± 0.06) when compared to the 147/64d Hx (1.42 ± 0.03), 141/2d Intact + Sal (1.29 ± 0.02) and 141/2d Hx + Sal (1.15 ± 0.01) groups (p < 0.05). When the data were combined for all fetal and newborn lamb adrenals there was a positive correlation between the area of the adrenal cortex and the interdigitation index (r = 0.802; P < 0.001). In summary, we found that the pattern of localizatio...

We have measured circulating catecholamines and enkephalins in intact and bilaterally adrenalectomised fetal sheep between 115 and 144 days of gestation using specific radioimmunoassays for total Met-enk-containing peptides (total Met-Enk), free Met-Enk and Met-Enk-arg⁶-phe⁷ (MERF). In the intact group fetal plasma concentrations of noradrenaline increased from 1.7 ± 0.4 (115-124 days) to a peak of 3.7 ± 0.6 pmol/ml (135-144 days; all results expressed as means ± standard error of the mean). The mean plasma concentration and the gestational age profile of noradrenaline were the same in the intact and adrenalectomised fetal sheep. We observed no change in the fetal plasma concentrations of adrenaline between 115 and 144 days of gestation and there was also no effect of removal of both fetal adrenal glands on plasma adrenaline concentrations. In the intact fetal sheep there was a significant increase in the circulating concentration of free Met-Enk between 115-119 (497.7 ± 128.4 pmol/l) and 125-129 days of gestation (647.8 ± 59.5 pmol/ 1). There was a similar increase in plasma MERF concentrations between 115-119(850.4 ± 170.4pmol/l)and 130-134days(1,525.1 ± 227.0pmol/ 1). There was no change, however, in the plasma concentrations of total Met-Enk across this gestational age range. The mean circulating concentrations and the gestational age profiles of plasma total and free Met-Enk and MERF were the same in the intact and adrenalectomised fetal sheep across the age range studied. We have demonstrated therefore that during unstressed conditions the fetal adrenal medulla is not the major source of circulating enkephalins. There is an increase in the fetal plasma concentrations of free Met-Enk and MERF and a decrease in the circulating total free Met-Enk ratio at between 115 and 125 days of gestation. These changes may reflect changes in the synthesis and/or secretion of enkephalin peptides within fetal sympathetic neurones.

The pattern of contractions elicited after rest periods of 0.25-10 min duration was investigated in right ventricular papillary muscles from control and hypertrophied rabbit hearts. Hypertrophy was induced by pressure overload following coarctation of the pulmonary artery. In control hearts, the first post-rest contraction was always of a smaller amplitude than the preceding steady-state (0.5 Hz stimulation) contractions, and the amplitude of this first post-rest contraction decreased as the rest interval increased. In contrast, the amplitude of the first post-rest contraction of muscles from hypertrophied hearts exceeded the steady-state amplitude for rest durations of up to at least 2 min. In the hypertrophied muscles, force in the first post-rest contraction (expressed as a percentage of the pre-rest steady-state) was potentiated compared to the control muscles at all rest intervals studied. There was no significant difference in the second post-rest contraction between control and hypertrophied muscles at any rest interval. Following the second post-rest contraction, force increased monotonically toward the steady-state levels in all the muscles. The recovery of force was, however, somewhat faster in the hypertrophied muscles. Upon resumption of 1-Hz stimulation following rest intervals of 2 min or greater, pulsus alternans were invariably observed in the hypertrophied muscles but never in the control muscles. These differences in the non-steady-state contractile behavior of ventricular muscle from normal and hypertrophied hearts are suggestive of some alteration in the normal pattern of Ca2+ translocation in pressure overload hypertrophy of rabbit ventricle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)