Background/AimsSome observational epidemiologic studies have reported conflicting results on the relationship between hypnotics use and the risk of developing and/or dying from heart disease. We investigated these associations using a meta-analysis of available literatures.MethodsWe searched the databases PubMed and EMBASE, along with the bibliographies of relevant articles to find additional publications in February 2016.ResultsOf 495 articles satisfying our initial criteria, two case-control studies and six cohort studies met our inclusion criteria and were included in the final analyses. Compared with never having used any kind of hypnotics, the odds ratio for overall use was 0.84 for risk of or mortality from heart disease (95% confidence interval, 0.79 to 0.89) in a random-effects meta-analysis of all eight studies. With respect to the geographical region, use of hypnotics was associated with a decreased risk or mortality of heart disease in Asia but not in Western countries. Among various types of sleep medications, zolpidem showed a decreased risk (–29%) of developing or dying from heart disease, but benzodiazepines were related with an increased risk (80%) of or mortality from heart disease.ConclusionsThe current meta-analysis of observational epidemiological studies suggested an evidence of association between hypnotics use and a decreased risk of heart disease.
Lampropidae is a relatively small family, comprised of about 100 species in 13 genera, and is generally found in colder, deeper waters (Gerken, 2010). Among the genera, Lamprops Sars, 1863 is represented by 23 species worldwide (WoRMS, 2014). The diagnostic characteristics of the genus Lamprops are as follows: 1) carapace with definite antennal notch; 2) pleon without pleopods; 3) telson with more than three terminal setae (Given, 1964;Gamô, 1967). In the present paper, two newly recorded species belonging to the genus Lamprops were described and illustrated, based on samples collected from the East Sea (Sea of Japan) in Korea. Lamprops carinatus Hart, 1930 and L. pseudosarsi Tsareva andVassilenko, 1993. To date, only one species belonging to the family Lampropidae, Hemilamprops californicus Zimmer, 1936 was provided from Korea (Lee and Lee, 1998). Therefore, this represents the first record on the genus Lamprops from Korea. New information on the mouthparts of these species is also provided, and the male of L. pseudosarsi is described for the first time on the basis of the specimen from Korean waters. Keys to the Korean genera of the Lampropidae and species of Lamprops are also given. The terminology of the setae follows that used by Watling (1989) and Gerken (2010, 2013.
Background
Several studies have suggested that breastfeeding has a positive effect on long-term obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. This study aimed to examine maternal bone health, muscle mass, and obesity based on breastfeeding duration.
Methods
This study was based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010–2011. We selected 2,027 elderly women by screening survey participants with a history of delivery. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) of sarcopenia, osteoporosis, and obesity among four breastfeeding groups.
Results
The OR of sarcopenia significantly decreased with increasing breastfeeding duration (OR, 0.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11–0.65; P for trend <0.001), whereas the OR of obesity significantly increased with increasing breastfeeding duration (OR, 2.56; 95% CI, 1.43–4.60; P for trend=0.009) after adjusting for potential confounding variables. We also found a positive correlation between the duration since last delivery and sarcopenia.
Conclusion
Our results suggest a negative correlation between prolonged breastfeeding and the prevalence of sarcopenia, and a positive correlation between prolonged breastfeeding and the prevalence of obesity. Further studies are needed to clarify the relationship between breastfeeding and sarcopenia in the future.
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