Purpose : In Korea, there have been many epidemiologic studies about allergic diseases of school children, but so far only a few studies of preschool children have been done. Research on preschool children will be a great help to understand the epidemiology of the allergic diseases in the pediatric population. In this perspective, we researched the prevalence and risk factors of allergic diseases in preschool children in Jung-gu, Seoul.Methods : A modified International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire survey was done on 917 (male, 492; female, 425) preschool children in Jung-gu area of Seoul in June, 2009. Parents or caregivers answered the questionnaires that asked about the prevalence of allergic diseases and the risk factors.Results : For asthma, the prevalence of "wheeze, ever", "diagnosis" and "treatment, last 12 months" were 18.4%, 5.8% and 2.8%, respectively. For allergic rhinitis (AR), the prevalence of "rhinitis, ever", "diagnosis" and "treatment, last 12 months" were 31.8%, 16.2% and 12.9%, respectively. For atopic dermatitis (AD), the prevalence of "itchy rash, ever", "diagnosis" and "treatment, last 12 months" were 26.1%, 34.3% and 19.0%, respectively. The risk factors of asthma were cesarean section delivery, use of antibiotics and history of bronchiolitis before the age of 2 years. The risk factor of AR was history of asthma. The risk factor of AD was parent allergy. Conclusion :In comparison to preceding studies of preschool children in Seoul, the prevalence of allergic diseases is similar. In comparison to the studies of school children, the prevalence of AR was lower and the prevalence of AD was higher. [Pediatr Allergy Respir Dis(Korea) 2011;21: 165-175]
PurposeTo determine the optimum culture conditions by investigating isolated rat hepatocytes cultured in medium containing different glucose concentrations.MethodsHepatocytes were isolated from rats using a two-step perfusion technique and divided into the following two groups cultured in medium containing different glucose concentrations: (1) low-glucose group and (2) high-glucose group. Total cell count and viability of cultured rat hepatocytes and liver function parameters (i.e., concentrations of albumin, ammonia, and urea in the culture medium) were measured. The morphology of cultured rat hepatocytes was examined by staining with hematoxylin and eosin, and albumin receptor expression was confirmed by immunofluorescence.ResultsTotal cell count and viability showed smaller increases in the low-glucose group than the high-glucose group, although the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.112 and P = 0.147, respectively). The levels of albumin (P = 0.943), ammonia (P = 0.744), and urea (P = 0.709) were not significantly different between the two groups. In both groups, the function of cultured hepatocytes decreased significantly over time. The morphology of hepatocytes was well maintained in both groups at 3 days. On day 7, the cytoplasm was transformed into a spindle shape. On day 10, these changes were exaggerated, and were more prominent in the high-glucose group.ConclusionMorphological assessment indicated that low-glucose culture medium is better than high-glucose culture medium for culturing of hepatocytes, although there was not significantly different in functional assessment. The cultured hepatocytes with low-glucose culture medium could be maintained for 7 days.
Extravasation of certain drugs can make an injury on the injection site. It occurs more often in the fragile skin of children and old people. Immunoglobulin treats immune-mediated diseases effectively, such as a primary deficiency of antibodies or autoimmune diseases. A 9 months old boy came to hospital complaining of a fever for 5 days. He had bilateral non-purulent conjunctival injection, erythema of the lips and rashes on the hands and feet. On the echocardiography, the left coronary artery was dilated. He was diagnosed with Kawasaki disease. We started an intravenous immunoglobulin injection. After 7 hours, edema and a change in skin color appeared at the intravenous injection site on his right hand. We removed the catheter and applied a cold pack. Under impression of phlebitis, we applied Mupirocin ointment and Prednicarbate ointment with a dressing, twice a day. Within an outpatient follow up period, a skin necrosis with pus emerged. Coagulase negative Staphylococcus was detected from the pus by microbial culture study. We referred the patient to the Department of Plastic Surgery, and operated a debridement of the skin necrosis and a full thickness skin graft. He was discharged from hospital without a certain problem. The lesion was cured and left a scar. There was no recurrence or exacerbation on the skin graft lesion within a follow up period of 6 months since the surgery. We report a rare case of skin necrosis after extravasation of intravenous immunoglobulin, which had not been reported in Korea before.
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