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ObjectiveA recently developed facial scanning method uses three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging with a light-emitting diode. Such scanning enables surface data to be captured in high-resolution color and at relatively fast speeds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and precision of 3D images obtained using the Morpheus 3D® scanner (Morpheus Co., Seoul, Korea).MethodsThe sample comprised 30 subjects aged 24-34 years (mean 29.0 ± 2.5 years). To test the correlation between direct and 3D image measurements, 21 landmarks were labeled on the face of each subject. Sixteen direct measurements were obtained twice using digital calipers; the same measurements were then made on two sets of 3D facial images. The mean values of measurements obtained from both methods were compared. To investigate the precision, a comparison was made between two sets of measurements taken with each method.ResultsWhen comparing the variables from both methods, five of the 16 possible anthropometric variables were found to be significantly different. However, in 12 of the 16 cases, the mean difference was under 1 mm. The average value of the differences for all variables was 0.75 mm. Precision was high in both methods, with error magnitudes under 0.5 mm.Conclusions3D scanning images have high levels of precision and fairly good congruence with traditional anthropometry methods, with mean differences of less than 1 mm. 3D surface imaging using the Morpheus 3D® scanner is therefore a clinically acceptable method of recording facial integumental data.

Objective: To investigate the association between the risk of tooth agenesis and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of MSX1 and PAX9 genes in nonsyndromic cleft patients. Materials and Methods: The subjects were 126 Korean nonsyndromic cleft patients. Tooth agenesis type (TAT) was classified as none (0); cleft area (1); cleft area + other area (2); and other area (3) based on agenesis of the maxillary lateral incisor (MXLI) and another tooth within or outside the cleft area. TAT was further grouped into two subcategories (0 and 1) and four subcategories (0, 1, 2, and 3). Three SNPs of MSX1 and 10 SNPs of PAX9 were investigated using Fisher's exact test and logistic regression analysis. Results: Although the association between genotype distribution of PAX9-rs7142363 and TAT was significant (P , .05 in four subcategories), genotypic odds ratios (GORs) of SNPs in each TAT were not meaningful. However, for MSX1-rs12532 and PAX9-rs2073247, associations between genotypic distribution and TAT were significant (P , .01 in four subcategories and P , .05 in two subcategories; P , .01 in two subcategories, respectively). In cleft area, GORs of MXLI agenesis in genotypes GA of MSX1-rs12532 and CT of PAX9-rs2073247 were increased by 3.14-fold and 4.15-fold compared with genotype GG of MSX1-rs12532 and CC of PAX9-rs2073247, respectively (P ,. 01; P , .05). In cleft area + other area, the GOR of agenesis of MXLI and another tooth in genotype AA of MSX1-rs12532 was increased by fivefold compared with genotype GG (P , .05). Conclusion: Genetic disturbances of MSX1 and PAX9 genes are associated with tooth agenesis within and outside the cleft area. (Angle Orthod. 2013;83:1036-1042

SummaryObjective: To evaluate the effects of tooth displacement and vibration on frictional force and stickslip phenomenon (SSP) when conventional brackets were used with a levelling/alignment wire. Materials and Methods:The samples consisted of six groups (n = 10 per group) with combinations of tooth displacement (2 mm lingual displacement [LD], 2 mm gingival displacement [GD], and no displacement [control]) and vibration conditions (absence and presence at 30 Hz and 0.25 N). A stereolithographically made typodont system was used with conventional brackets and elastomeric ligatures. After application of artificial saliva, static/kinetic frictional forces (SFF/KFF) and frequency/amplitude of SSP were measured while drawing a 0.018-inch copper nickel-titanium (Cu-NiTi) archwire at a speed of 0.5 mm/min for 5 minutes at 36.5 degree celsius. Two-way analysis of variance and independent t-test were performed. Results: Tooth displacement increased SFF and KFF (control < LD < GD, all P < 0.001) and reduced SSP frequency (control > [LD, GD], P < 0.01). Vibration reduced SFF, KFF, and SSP amplitude in the control group (P < 0.05, P < 0.05, and P < 0.001, respectively), but not in the LD and GD groups. SSP frequency was increased by vibration in the control, LD, and GD groups (all P < 0.001), and it was lower in the LD and GD groups than in the control group (P < 0.01). Conclusions: When conventional brackets and a 0.018-inch Cu-NiTi archwire were used in the tooth displacement conditions (LD and GD), vibration did not significantly reduce SFF, KFF, or SSP amplitude.

As WSNs combine with a diversity of next-generation technologies, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have gained considerable attention as a promising ubiquitous technology. Even though several studies on WSNs are being undertaken, few systematically analyze the security issues relating to them. Moreover, recent systems tend to be implemented without sufficient consideration about owns security requirements, which can lead to lethal threats. Systems that do not consider security requirements may provide attackers the opportunity to reduce the overall efficiency and performance of the system. This means that inadequately applied security requirements can result in defective security of systems. Therefore, in this study, we emphasized the importance of security requirements to raise awareness regarding them. In addition, we analyzed literature that could be improved by including WSNs security requirements such as characteristics, constraints, and threats. Furthermore, we adopted a systematic methodology by referring to reliable literature and performed a different analysis from previous studies. We derived and mapped the different security factors based on the literature and illustrated the relationships of each security factor. Finally, our research compared with studies of a similar type to evaluate whether it provided a significant contribution. In other words, in this study, we analyzed various factors related to WSNs security based on reviewing the literature and show our contribution, such as a systematic analysis framework and factor mapping compared with traditional studies. Though there are some considerations, we expect that this research derived the essential security requirements in any WSNs environments. INDEX TERMS Wireless sensor network, security requirement, next-generation technologies.

Recently, the integration of state-of-the-art technologies, such as modern sensors, networks, and cloud computing, has revolutionized the conventional healthcare system. However, security concerns have increasingly been emerging due to the integration of technologies. Therefore, the security and privacy issues associated with e-health data must be properly explored. In this paper, to investigate the security and privacy of e-health systems, we identified major components of the modern e-health systems (i.e., e-health data, medical devices, medical networks and edge/fog/cloud). Then, we reviewed recent security and privacy studies that focus on each component of the e-health systems. Based on the review, we obtained research taxonomy, security concerns, requirements, solutions, research trends, and open challenges for the components with strengths and weaknesses of the analyzed studies. In particular, edge and fog computing studies for e-health security and privacy were reviewed since the studies had mostly not been analyzed in other survey papers.