Academic dishonesty is one of the most evasive student behaviors facing faculty and administrators in schools. Dishonest behavior in schools is an ethical issue of concern to the academic and business communities. Various methods have been used to try to understand and combat academic dishonesty. In some cases, severe punishments have been used with mixed results. An understanding of students' attitude and perceptions about academic dishonesty is essential in determining the proper solution to academic dishonesty. This study looks at student perceptions of academic dishonesty at numerous colleges and universities in South East and Northern part of Nigeria. It also evaluates how the perceptions of male students may vary from those of female students. In addition to these, it seeks to identify some factors that predict students' attitudes toward academic dishonesty.
This paper examines the empirical relationship between military spending and unemployment rates for a panel of 8 African countries using the panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) approach. This study adopts the PSTR model because of its ability to account for nonlinearity and/or heterogeneity and time instability that may be present in the panel. The PSTR model was estimated with a model with one transition function and one location parameter as dictated by the diagnostic tests. The diagnostic tests reveal that the relationship between unemployment rates and military spending is nonlinear. The results reveal that increases in military spending have significantly positive effect on unemployment rates in regime one; associated with low inflationary periods. However, in the second regime or high inflationary periods, increases in military spending deter unemployment. These results confirm that the relationship between unemployment rates and military spending is asymmetric and hence should be modeled accordingly. Policy wise, the results suggest that military spending should be increased during low inflation regime to mitigate the problem of unemployment. However, military spending is inconsequential during high inflation regime.
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