In order to study the effects of bio fertilizers and zinc fertilizer on antioxidant enzymes activity, chlorophyll content, soluble sugars and proline in triticale under salinity condition, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications under greenhouse condition. Experiment factors were included salinity in four levels [no-salt (control or S 0 ), salinity 20 (S 1 ), 40 (S 2 ) and 60 (S 3 ) mM NaCl) equivalent of 1.85, 3.7 and 5.55 dS m −1 respectively], four bio fertilizers levels (no bio fertilizer (F 0 ), application of mycorrhiza (F 1 ), PGPR (F 2 ), both application PGPR and mycorrhiza (F 3 ) and three nano zinc oxide levels (without nano zinc oxide as control (Zn 0 ), application of 0.4 (Zn 1 ) and 0.8 (Zn 2 ) g lit -1 ). Results showed that salinity severe stress (60 mM) decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid and grain yield of triticale, whereas soluble sugars and proline content, the activities of Catalase (CAT), Peroxidase (POD) Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO) enzymes increased. Results showed that both application of bio fertilizer and 0.8 g lit -1 nano zinc oxide (F 3 Zn 2 ) increased about 39% from grain yield in comparison with F 0 Zn 0 under the highest salinity level. Based on the results, it was concluded that bio fertilizers and nano zinc oxide application can be recommended for profitable triticale production under salinity condition.
In order to study bio fertilizers and zinc effects on some physiological parameters of triticale under a water-limitation condition, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2014 and 2015. Experimental factors consisted of three irrigation treatments [normal irrigation (W 0 ); moderate water limitation (W 1 ) and severe water limitation (W 2 )]; four bio fertilizers' levels [(no bio fertilizer (F 0 ), application of mycorrhiza (F 1 ), plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (F 2 ) and both application PGPR and mycorrhiza (F 3 )] and four nano zinc oxide levels [(without nano zinc oxide (Zn 0 ) as control, application of 0.3 (Zn 1 ), 0.6 (Zn 2 ) and 0.9 (Zn 3 ) g L −1 )]. Results showed that water limitation decreased chlorophyll content, relative water content, stomatal conductance, quantum yield and grain yield of triticale, whereas electrical conductivity and the activity of catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO, EC 1.14.18.1) enzymes were increased. Inoculation of plants with bio fertilizers and zinc application improved these traits (except electrical conductivity) under water-limitation condition as well as normal irrigation. Based on the results, it was concluded that bio fertilizers and nano zinc oxide application can be recommended for profitable triticale production under water-limitation condition.ARTICLE HISTORY
In order to study the effects of bio fertilizers and zinc fertilizer on antioxidant enzymes activity, chlorophyll content, soluble sugars and proline in triticale under salinity condition, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications under greenhouse condition. Experiment factors were included salinity in four levels [no-salt (control or S 0 ), salinity 20 (S 1 ), 40 (S 2 ) and 60 (S 3 ) mM NaCl) equivalent of 1.85, 3.7 and 5.55 dS m −1 respectively], four bio fertilizers levels (no bio fertilizer (F 0 ), application of mycorrhiza (F 1 ), PGPR (F 2 ), both application PGPR and mycorrhiza (F 3 ) and three nano zinc oxide levels (without nano zinc oxide as control (Zn 0 ), application of 0.4 (Zn 1 ) and 0.8 (Zn 2 ) g lit -1 ). Results showed that salinity severe stress (60 mM) decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid and grain yield of triticale, whereas soluble sugars and proline content, the activities of Catalase (CAT), Peroxidase (POD) Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO) enzymes increased. Results showed that both application of bio fertilizer and 0.8 g lit -1 nano zinc oxide (F 3 Zn 2 ) increased about 39% from grain yield in comparison with F 0 Zn 0 under the highest salinity level. Based on the results, it was concluded that bio fertilizers and nano zinc oxide application can be recommended for profitable triticale production under salinity condition.
A factorial experiment was conducted to study the effects of iron and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on antioxidant status and some physiological traits of triticale under different irrigation levels. Experimental factors were included irrigation in three levels [(i) normal irrigation (I0) as control; (ii) moderate water limitation (I1) and (iii) severe water limitation (I2)]. Three PGPR levels [(i) no PGPR (P0), (ii) Psedomunas putida (P1), (iii) Azospirillum lipoferum (P2)] and three nano iron oxide levels [(i) without nano iron oxide (F0) as control, (ii) application of 0.3 (F1) and (iii) 0.6 (F2) g/l)]. Results showed that water limitation decreased chlorophyll content, relative water content and grain yield of triticale. Whereas, electrical conductivity, proline content and the activity of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes increased. However, inoculation of plants with PGPR and iron application improved these traits under water limitation condition and normal irrigation. Based on the results, it was concluded that the application of PGPR and iron can be a proper tool for increasing triticale yield under water limitation condition.
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