No abstract

Riluzole is the only FDA approved drug for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, the drug affords moderate protection to ALS patients, extending life for a few months by a mechanism that remains controversial. In the presence of riluzole, astrocytes increase the production of factors protective to motor neurons. The stimulation of trophic factor production by motor neuron associated cells may contribute to riluzole’s protective effect in ALS. Here, we investigated the effects of media conditioned by astrocytes and Schwann cells acutely or chronically incubated with riluzole on trophic factor-deprived motor neuron survival. While acute riluzole incubation induced CT-1 secretion by astrocytes and Schwann cells, chronic treatment stimulated a significant decrease in trophic factor production compared to untreated cultures. Accordingly, conditioned media from astrocytes and Schwann cells acutely treated with riluzole protected motor neurons from trophic factor deprivation-induced cell death. Motor neuron protection was prevented by incubation with CT-1 neutralizing antibodies. In contrast, conditioned media from astrocytes and Schwann cells chronically treated with riluzole was not protective. Acute and chronic treatment of mice with riluzole showed opposite effects on trophic factor production in spinal cord, sciatic nerve and brain. There was an increase in the production of CT-1 and GDNF in the spinal cord and CT-1 in the sciatic nerve during the first days of treatment with riluzole, but the levels dropped significantly after chronic treatment with the drug. Similar results were observed in brain for CT-1 and BDNF while there was no change in GDNF levels after riluzole treatment. Our results reveal that riluzole regulates long-lasting processes involving protein synthesis, which may be relevant for riluzole therapeutic effects. Changing the regimen of riluzole administration to favor the acute effect of the drug on trophic factor production by discontinuous long-term treatment may improve the outcome of ALS patient therapy.

Array-based hybridization and the serial anMys~s of gene expression (SAGE) are the most common approaches for highthroughput transcript anMysls. Each has advantages and disadvantages. The cDNA array a]i[ows rapid screening of a large number of samples but cannot detect unknown genes. ~n contrasL SAGE can detect those unknown genes or transcripts but is restricted to fewer samples. Combining these two methods could provide better highothroughput analysis that allows rapid screening of both prevlousiy known and unknown genes. For this, we have generated two cDNA microarrays (from human and plant systems) based on SAGE dMa. The results from both of these were anaHyzed for thei~ correlation and accuracy. One specialized cDNA mlcroarray, putatively named Gastrficchlp, was constructed with ~744 probes, h~ciuding 858 cDNA fragments based on SAGE data from gastr[ocancer tissues. The ,ether microarray, putMive[y named Cotdst~esschlp, was constructed with 1482 probes, including 1209 cDNA fragmen% based on SAGE dMa from cold-stressed Arabidopsls. In particular, identity of the genes on both sets of data is assured and hyb~idizMion for cDNA microarray is efficienL