In this study, caviar (sturgeon eggs) was used to elucidate its roles in adiponectin production and skin anti-aging. Recently, caviar has been largely used not only as a nutritional food, but also in cosmetic products. In particular, it has been reported that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), as one of the main phospholipid components of caviar extract, induces intracellular lipid accumulation and the expression of adiponectin in adipocytes. Although adipocytes are well known to be associated with the skin dermis by secreting various factors (e.g., adiponectin), the effects of caviar extract and DHA on the skin are not well studied. Here, we demonstrate the effects of caviar extract and DHA on adipocyte differentiation and adiponectin production, resulting in a preventive role in UV-irradiated skin aging. Caviar extract and DHA enhanced adipocyte differentiation and promoted the synthesis of transcription factors controlling adipocyte differentiation and adiponectin. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) were decreased in UVB-irradiated Hs68 fibroblasts that were cultured in conditioned medium from caviar extract or DHA-treated differentiated adipocytes. Taken together, these results indicate that caviar extract and DHA induce adipocyte differentiation and adiponectin production, thereby inhibiting UVB-induced premature skin aging via the suppression of MMP-1 production.
Skin is an organ having a crucial role in the protection of muscle, bone, and internal organs and undergoing continuous self-renewal and aged. The growing interest in the prevention of skin aging and rejuvenation has sparked a surge of industrial and research studies focusing on the biological and transcriptional changes that occur during skin development and aging. In this study, we aimed to identify transcriptional differences between two main types of human skin cells: the HDFs and the HEK isolated from 30 neonatal and 30 adults (old) skin. Through differentially expressed gene (DEG) profiling using DEseq2, 604 up-, and 769 down-regulated genes were identified in the old group. The functional classification analysis using Metascape Gene Ontology and Reactome pathway was performed. We report the systematic transcriptomic changes in key biological markers involved in skin formation and maintenance and a unique difference in HOX gene families which are important for developing embryonic formation and regulating numerous biological processes. Among the 39 human HOX genes, 10 genes (HOXA10, 11, 13, HOXB13, HOXC11, and HOXD9-13) were significantly down-regulated, and 25 genes HOXA2-7, HOXB1-9, HOXC4-6 and 8-9, and HOXD1,3,4 and 8) were up-regulated, especially in the old HDFs. We have successfully established a correlation between HOX genes and the process of skin aging, thereby proposing HOX genes as a novel marker for assessing skin aging. Our findings provide compelling evidence supporting the involvement of HOX genes in this biological phenomenon such as skin aging.
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