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The design of photocatalysts with hierarchical pore sizes is an effective method to improve mass transport, enhance light absorption, and increase specific surface area. Moreover, the construction of a heterojunction at the interface of two semiconductor photocatalysts with suitable band positions plays a crucial role in separating and transporting charge carriers. Herein, ZIF-8 and urea are used as precursors to prepare hierarchically porous ZnO/g-C3N4 S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts through a two-step calcination method. This S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst shows high activity toward photocatalytic H2O2 production, which is 3.4 and 5.0 times higher than that of pure g-C3N4 and ZnO, respectively. The mechanism of charge transfer and separation within the S-scheme heterojunction is studied by Kelvin probe, in situ irradiated X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ISI-XPS), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). This research provides an idea of designing S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts with hierarchical pores in efficient photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production.

This study demonstrates that macrophage proliferation is a feature of the more aggressive forms of human GN. Local proliferation may be an important mechanism for amplifying macrophage-mediated renal injury. In addition, the degree of local macrophage proliferation may be a useful diagnostic and prognostic indicator for human GN.

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This study demonstrated the involvement of JAK/STAT signalling in the pathogenesis of renal I/R injury, suggesting that JAK/STAT pathway may serve as a potential target for early intervention in ischaemic acute renal failure.

CdS@GMT/GR exhibits high photocatalytic activity due to its direct Z-scheme structure obtained by immobilizing CdS quantum dots in the channels of GMT nanocrystals.

Exploring and achieving precise electron-transfer channels in the interface of Z-scheme heterojunctions are essential and have been considered as immense challenges. A strategy to precisely connect the valence band (VB) site of g-C 3 N 4 (CN) with the conduction band (CB) site of WO 3 through the tungsten− nitrogen (W−N) bond was developed to create a chemically bonded Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst. Because of this reason, the photogenerated electrons from the CB site of WO 3 could be accurately and directly injected into the VB site of CN, following the direct Z-scheme charge separation pathways. The photocatalytic hydrogen production rate of optimal CNWB was 482 μmol h −1 , 4.3 times higher than that of CN/WO 3 without an N−W bond (CNWU). The CNWB also shows better photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity than the previous CN/WO 3 systems. Theoretical and experimental results further confirm that the newly formed N−W bonds become metallic, which could act as atomic-level interfacial channels to precisely accelerate Z-scheme interfacial electron transfer and shorten the electron-transfer distance, thus substantially boosting photocatalytic H 2 generation. This work paves a way to design and synthesize the chemically bonded Z-scheme interface with atomic precision for interesting photocatalytic applications in the future.