Global climatic transitions and Tibetan Plateau uplifts are hypothesized to have profoundly impacted biodiversity in southeastern Asia. To further test the hypotheses related to the impacts of these incidents, we investigated the diversification patterns of the newt genus Tylototriton sensu lato, distributed across the mountain ranges of southeastern Asia. Gene-tree and species-tree analyses of two mitochondrial genes and two nuclear genes revealed five major clades in the genus, and suggested several cryptic species. Dating estimates suggested that the genus originated in the early-to-middle Miocene. Under different species delimitating scenarios, diversification analyses with birth-death likelihood tests indicated that the genus held a higher diversification rate in the late Miocene-to-Pliocene era than that in the Pleistocene. Ancestral area reconstructions indicated that the genus originated from the northern Indochina Peninsula. Accordingly, we hypothesized that the Miocene Climatic Transition triggered the diversification of the genus, and the reinforcement of East Asian monsoons associated with the stepwise uplifts of the Tibetan Plateau promoted the radiation of the genus in southeastern Asia during the Miocene-to-Pliocene period. Quaternary glacial cycles likely had limited effects on speciation events in the genus, but mainly had contributions on their intraspecific differentiations.
We describe a new species from the family Salamandridae from northeastern Hunan Province of China based on morphological and molecular genetic evidences. The new species, Tylototriton liuyangensis, is a member of the T. asperrimus group, and shares a number of similarities with T. wenxianensis and T. broadoridgus. The dorsal surface of the new Tylototriton species is completely black, with nodule-like warts distributed evenly along the lateral margin of dorsal body, and there is no transverse striae between the warts. There are several diagnostic characters of the new species that differ from those of T. wenxianensis and T. broadoridgus as follows: (1) the interorbital space (IOS) is comparatively wide; (2) there is a bony ridge present on the dorsal head surface, running along the upper eyelids; (3) the space between axilla and groin (AGS) is comparatively large, with the mean male AGS approximately equal to 50% of the snout-vent length (SVL) and the mean female AGS being 53% of SVL; and (4) there is a small genital The result from the molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Tylototriton (including the type specimen of the new species) based on the complete DNA sequence of the mitochondrial ND2 gene (1035 bp) indicated that the new species was similar to T. wenxianensis, T. dabienicus, and T. broadoridgus, but formed an independent clade. This result was consistent with the morphological analysis above, supporting that the Liuyang Population represented a distinct species.
A new species of Megophrys (Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae), Megophrys tuberogranulatus Shen, Mo et Li, sp. nov. (Holotype HNUL 03080902, adult male, SVL: 38.2 mm), from Sangzhi County, Hunan Province, is described. Megophrys tuberogranulatus is closely related to both Megophrys kuatunensis and Megophrys minor. Characters of the new species that differentiate this species from close relatives are skin granulated with big tubercles on the dorsal sides of both thigh and tibia, the bigger inner metacarpal tubercle, upper eyelid wider than the interorbital space, hind limbs longer, overlapping of the left and right calcaneal parts. The type specimens are deposited in the Animal Museum of Life Sciences College of Hunan Normal University.
Objective. This study is aimed at exploring the application effect of duodenoscopy assisted by visual sensing technology based on convolutional neural network (CNN) segmentation algorithm in the diagnosis and treatment of gallbladder stones, so as to provide safer and more effective treatment methods for patients with gallstones. Methods. 188 patients with gallstones and choledocholithiasis who were admitted to our hospital from January 2016 to April 2021 were selected as the research objects. Based on whether the patients were willing to use AI-assisted visual sensing technology during the treatment process, all patients were divided into two groups, namely, the AI group and the conventional group. Various surgical indicators of patients in two groups were compared. Results. The precision, recall, and mean intersection ratio of the M-Unet-based segmentation algorithm were 94.56%, 96.56%, and 98.92%, respectively. In the AI group, the operation time ( 2.74 ± 0.45 h ), postoperative drainage tube placement time ( 4.31 ± 1.15 d ), time required for recovery of gastrointestinal function ( 1.74 ± 0.54 d ), time required to get out of bed ( 1.14 ± 0.55 h ), and time spent in hospital ( 9.94 ± 1.45 d ) were all shorter compared with those in the conventional group, which were 3.21 ± 0.32 h , 12.14 ± 2.98 d , 2.89 ± 0.67 d , 2.09 ± 0.87 h , and 14.14 ± 1.15 h , showing statistical differences ( P < 0.05 ); the intraoperative blood loss ( 79.74 ± 6.45 mL ) and residual status of stones (0%) in the AI group were much lower than those in the conventional group ( P < 0.05 ). In addition, the incidence of complications (10.26%) and the indicators of postoperative gallbladder function of patients in the AI group were lower greatly than those in the conventional group ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusion. The visual sensing technology assisted by the CNN algorithm showed a good effect on image processing, and endoscopic technology can effectively improve the treatment effect of gallbladder stones combined with choledocholithiasis with the aid of this technology. Therefore, the conclusion in this study proved that visual sensing technology based on intelligent algorithms showed a good future in the medical field.
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