The impact of formal care (co-paid by long term care (LTC) insurance) on informal care is critical to the improvement and promotion of public policy. We conducted an interview-based survey to examine how the use of formal care impacts the use of informal care in Shanghai, which was one of China’s first long-term insurance pilots in 2016. In addition to total informal care time, the following four types of informal care were considered: (1) household activities of daily living (HDL) tasks, (2) activities of daily living (ADL) tasks, (3) instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) tasks, and (4) supervision tasks. Of the 407 families, an average of 12.36 h (SD = 6.70) of informal care was crowded out each week. Among them, ADL tasks, HDL tasks, and supervision tasks were reduced an average of 4.60 (SD = 3.59), 5.50 (SD = 3.38), and 2.10 h (SD = 3.06) per week, respectively. Each additional hour of formal care reduced 0.473 h of informal care. Care recipients’ gender and health status were also determined to be associated with crowding out hours of informal care. These findings can be utilized as empirical evidence for decision-makers to consider the scope of funding for formal care, and this study provides comparable results to developing countries and regions.

The dependence of SO 2 removal on Cu loading, SO 2 concentration, and temperature are studied experimentally on a thermo-balance using a series of CuO/Al 2 O 3 catalysts in the fresh state as well as in a NH 3 -regenerated state. A kinetic study on SO 2 removal is then carried out using a surface model, which assumes the SO 2 removal rate is being controlled by a surface chemical reaction and takes into account the effect of SO 2 adsorption and consumption of surface CuO. The difference in SO 2 removal between fresh and regenerated CuO/Al 2 O 3 is expressed by a parameter n, which is similar to the order of a reaction. The effect of SO 2 adsorption is expressed in the Langmuir-Hinshelwood form. The results show that the SO 2 removal behavior of NH 3 -regenerated CuO/Al 2 O 3 is different from that of fresh CuO/Al 2 O 3 and the developed model describes the SO 2 removal behavior well.

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