The stimulation electrodes of cochlear implants are covered by a lymph liquid with high electrical conductivity, which causes the transmitted information to be reduced by channel interaction. Even if this problem were solved, the stimulation regions may be discrete; therefore, there may be regions in which the electrode array cannot stimulate selectively. To solve these problems, we proposed a new auditory nerve stimulation method which we call the tripolar electrode stimulation method for cochlear implants. Our method stimulates using 3 adjacent electrodes selected from among the electrodes of the electrode array. The center electrode receives the currents emitted from the electrodes on both sides. We conducted animal experiments using this method. On the basis of the results we obtained, we concluded that our method may succeed in narrowing the stimulation region and continuously moving the stimulation site.
Studies of the quasi-two-dimensional organic conductors λ-(D) 2 MCl 4 [D = donor molecules, M = Ga, Fe] have shown that λ-(BETS) 2 GaCl 4 [BETS = bis(ethylenedithio)tetraselenafulvalene] undergoes an unconventional superconducting transition and λ-(BETS) 2 FeCl 4 undergoes a field-induced superconducting transition. In λ-type salts, the interactions between donor molecules and FeCl − 4 (π -d interactions) are important.To investigate π -d interaction, a pair of magnetic M = Fe and nonmagnetic M = Ga salts which have the same ground state in the donor layer is desired. However, no such pair has been found, and few experimental studies have considered π -d interaction paths. λ-(BEST) 2 MCl 4 [BEST = bis(ethylenediseleno)tetrathiafulvalene] are obtained for both anions, and M = Ga salt shows an antiferromagnetic transition, but the ground state has not been analyzed in M = Fe salt. We perform x-ray diffraction, magnetic susceptibility measurement, and Mössbauer spectroscopy in λ-(BEST) 2 FeCl 4 . We find that a magnetic transition is observed at around 26 K. The λ-(BEST) 2 MCl 4 system is a system in which both FeCl − 4 and GaCl − 4 salts show antiferromagnetic transitions. In addition, the ethylene motions observed at room temperature are ordered around 108 K, resulting in the establishment of the π -d interaction path between chalcogens and the anion, and low-field magnetization suggests that the π -d interaction in λ-(BEST) 2 FeCl 4 is smaller than that in λ-(BETS) 2 FeCl 4 . Our results show that the inner chalcogen of donor molecules is important as the path of the interaction.
The nickel(II)-chloranilato complex {Ni(ca)(VM)2}n (H2ca = chloranilic acid, VM = coordinated vapour molecules, such as water) shows reversible vapochromism upon exposure to various vapours and subsequent drying by heating. In...
At ambient pressure, studies of resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were conducted on the quasi-one-dimensional organic conductor (DMET-TTF) 2 AuBr 2 . Resistivity measurements showed a broad minimum at approximately 160 K, and the insulator behavior below this temperature and magnetic susceptibility results revealed a dip structure at 22 K. At the same temperature, a sharp peak in the temperature dependence of T −1 1 associated with the antiferromagnetic (AFM). transition was found, along with drastic splitting of the NMR spectra, indicating a commensurate AFM structure. The amplitude of the magnetic moments was determined to be 0.06μ B /molecule from the hyperfine coupling constant tensor and the angular dependence of the internal field in the AFM phase. The small magnetic moment signifies the AFM nesting type, i.e., commensurate spin density wave. An antiferromagnetic ordering of (↑↑↓↓) along the one-dimensional chain is expected from the 2k F instability. This behavior can be explained by the strong dimerization of the one-dimensional DMET-TTF chain.
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