Generally, the dynamical model is used to estimate coordinates of satellite laser ranging (SLR) stations. In this paper, we put forward a kinematic method to estimate the coordinates of SLR stations by using global navigation satellite system (GNSS) technique onboard a low Earth orbiting (LEO) satellite. We applied it to the processing of SLR and GNSS observations of the GRACE-A satellite from January to December 2012. We found that the LEO satellite as a spacebased connection between SLR and GNSS techniques allowed the precise estimation of SLR site positions with the agreement level of 2-3 cm with respective to SLRF2014. The SLR network can be attached to the IGS network at the centimeter level. The results show that the proposed method is feasible for determining the coordinates of SLR stations as an idea for the satellite-based integration of different space geodetic techniques.
Background:
Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning remains a major cause of accidental injuries and multiple studies have indicated that CO is also associated with significantly severe or long-term toxicity to the central nervous system. Given that CO poisoning causes serious morbidity and mortality, a better understanding of epidemiological features and clinical characteristics of acute CO poisoning in China is crucial.
Methods:
We collected the clinical data of acute CO poisoning in patients between November 2019 and April 2020 across Shandong province, China and analyzed its characteristics focusing on the weekly amount and the severity of the confirmed cases.
Results:
A total number of 21,088 acute CO poisoning cases were diagnosed. The overall incidence of acute CO poisoning was approximately 0.021%. On severity rankings, 63% of confirmed cases (
n
= 13,378) were mild, 27%
(n
= 5635) were moderate, and 10% (
n
= 2075) were severe. Interestingly, the coastal cities had more confirmed cases than the inland/suburban areas in Shandong. Meanwhile, the number of confirmed cases was negatively correlated with the local mean daily temperature (
P
= 0.0167).
Conclusions:
Mild acute CO poisoning cases accounted for the majority of all confirmed cases during the winter of 2019. In Shandong province, which is located in east China, residents of the coastal cities are more susceptible to CO poisoning than residents of inland cities.
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