We propose a new sealed battery operating on a redox reaction between an oxide (O2−) and a peroxide (O22−) with its theoretical specific energy of 2570 Wh kg−1 (897 mAh g−1, 2.87 V) and demonstrate that a Co-doped Li2O cathode exhibits a reversible capacity over 190 mAh g−1, a high rate capability, and a good cyclability with a superconcentrated lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide electrolyte in acetonitrile. The reversible capacity is largely dominated by the O2−/O22− redox reaction between oxide and peroxide with some contribution of the Co2+/Co3+ redox reaction.
A simple method for constructing gold nanoparticle-modified electrodes with three-dimensional nanostructures is demonstrated. The electrodes were prepared by casting citrate-reduced AuNPs onto polycrystalline gold electrodes. The resultant electrodes had a large surface area-to-volume ratio, adequate for high protein loading and conferring high stability. The gold nanoparticle electrodes were covered with a self-assembled monolayer of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid for electrostatic immobilization of cytochrome c (cyt c). At the electrode, direct, reversible electron transfer from cyt c was observed with remarkable stability. Moreover, an extremely high surface coverage of electrochemically active cyt c, 167 fully packed monolayers, was obtained through use of the electrode.
Developments of large-scale energy storages with not only low cost and high safety but also abundant metals are significantly demanded. While lithium ion batteries are the most successful method, they cannot satisfy all conditions. Here we show the principle of novel lithium-free secondary oxygen rocking aqueous batteries, in which oxygen shuttles between the cathode and anode composed of iron-based perovskite-related oxides Ca0.5La0.5FeOz (2.5 ≤ z ≤ 2.75 and 2.75 ≤ z ≤ 3.0). Compound Ca0.5La0.5FeOz can undergo two kinds of reduction and reoxidation of Fe4+/Fe3+ and Fe3+/Fe2+, that are accompanied by reversible and repeatable topotactic oxygen extraction and reinsertion during discharge and charge processes.
Plasma discharge was generated by high-frequency (HF) power in supercritical argon (critical pressure: 4.86 MPa, critical temperature: 150.7 K). Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) enabled us to continue to generate a stable plasma even in high-pressure argon in more than 1 h by using parallel plate electrodes. Furthermore, a discharge plasma at a high pressure was generated in a wide area (150 mm2) between these electrodes for material synthesis. From optical emission spectra of argon at atmospheric pressure to critical pressure, it was observed that the plasma at a high pressure generated the same active species as the plasma at a low pressure. A weak broadening of plasma emission spectra was observed when pressure increased. Moreover, a carbon thin film was synthesized from n-pentane by using the novel reaction field of DBD. The carbon thin film was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Raman spectroscopy.
Background
Lithium is the first‐line drug for the treatment of bipolar disorders (BDs); however, not all patients responded. Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) play a role in the therapeutic action of lithium. Since structural variations were reported in these genes, it is possible that these genomic variations may be involved in the therapeutic responses to lithium.
Method
Fifty patients with BDs and 50 healthy subjects (mean age 55.0 ± 15.0 years; M/F 19/31) participated. We examined structural variation of the GSK3β and BDNF genes by real‐time PCR. We examined the influence of structural variation of these genes on the therapeutic responses to lithium and the occurrence of antidepressant‐emergent affective switch (AEAS). The efficacy of lithium was assessed using the Alda scale, and AEAS was evaluated using Young Mania Rating Scale.
Results
Although we examined structural variations within intron II and VII of the GSK3® gene and from the end of exon IV to intron IV and within exon IX of the BDNF gene, no structural variation was found in BDs. Whereas 5 of 50 patients exhibited three copies of the genomic region within exon IV of the BDNF gene, all healthy subjects had two copies. No difference in the therapeutic efficacy of lithium was found between patients with three and two copies. No difference in the occurrence of AEAS was found between the two groups.
Conclusion
The amplification of the BDNF gene influenced neither the therapeutic responses to lithium nor the occurrence of AEAS.
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