We propose a simple iterative method for calculating the dynamic behavior of ring resonators with fast and slow (cumulative) optical nonlinearities when an optical pulse with an arbitrary-shaped envelope is incident into them. In the case of a slow nonlinearity, the nonlinear phase shift and nonlinear absorption are temporally-integrated over the incident pulse. In this paper, we consider two types of single-ring resonators made out of As2Se3 chalcogenide glass with high nonlinearity and investigate the dynamic properties (especially the effect of the cumulative nonlinearity on optical bistability) using known nonlinear material parameters. It is found that the cumulative nonlinearity suppresses overshoot and ringing after switching, decreases the width of the hysteresis loop between the input and output powers, and shifts its center corresponding to the operating point. The obtained results are useful in developing chalcogenide-based bistable optical devices and the proposed approach is applicable to modeling of a variety of nonlinear optical devices.
Introduction: A hemodialysis room has pipes connecting the console and central fluid equipment. While these pipes require disinfection, reports detailing disinfection strategies are unavailable. Therefore, we aimed to compare two easy disinfection strategies differing in sanitization frequency and sanitizer concentration. Methods: Reverse osmosis water (ROW) purifying equipment and six dialysis consoles were connected by 20 m of pipes. Only ROW flowed through these pipes, because the dialysate solution was constituted at each console. The pipes were sanitized by two strategies: (1) strong and monthly (hypochlorite concentration: 100 ppm) or (2) weak and weekly (5 ppm). Both strategies were easy because the sodium hypochlorite was simply added to the ROW tank. To estimate sanitization efficacy, endotoxin counts at the ROW tank outlet, the end of the pipe, and the pipe after the endotoxin-cutting filter in each console were measured monthly for six continuous months. These counts were compared between the two sanitization strategies. Results: The endotoxin counts at the ROW tank outlet and the end of the pipe were 0.004–0.017 and 0.012–0.081 EU/mL, respectively, in the strong and monthly strategy, and 0.001–0.003 and 0.001–0.005 EU/mL, respectively, in the weak and weekly strategy. The endotoxin counts at the pipe after the endotoxin-cutting filter were less than 0.001 EU/mL during the study period in both strategies. Conclusion: A weekly disinfection strategy was more effective than a monthly one, despite the lower hypochlorite concentration. The present study suggests that frequency is the most important factor in the disinfection of pipes in a dialysis room.
Transient photoinduced absorption in As 2 Se 3 and Ag(Cu)-doped As 2 Se 3 glasses was measured after the samples were excited with an intense laser pulse with a pulse width of 10 ns, a peak optical intensity of $100 MW/cm 2 , and a wavelength of 1.064 mm. The decay time of the nonlinear absorption was within 15 -21 ms. A photocurrent experiment was also performed under the same illumination conditions, but we observed no photocurrent. Such a slow nonlinearity is presumably attributed not to free-carrier effects, but to photoinduced effects related to wrong bonds in the glasses.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.