We have been studying the refractive index changes and vacancies that are induced in transparent materials like glass by the irradiation of femtosecond laser pulses. This technique has been applied to fabricate three-dimensional photonic structures such as optical data storages, waveguides, gratings, and couplers inside a wide variety of transparent materials. We report micro-fabrication experiments of optical elements in glasses with femtosecond laser pulses, including fabrication of couplers, Bragg gratings, and zone plates and holograms on the surface of glass. A trial fabrication experiment on organic materials is also reported.Keywords: femtosecond, laser pulse, fabrication, three-dimensional, optical elements INTRODUCTIONMicromachining by femtosecond laser pulses in transparent materials has recently received much attention. When femtosecond laser pulses are focused inside the bulk of a transparent material, the intensity in the focal volume can become high enough to cause nonlinear absorption, which leads to localized modification in the focal volume, while leaving the surface unaffected. Recent demonstrations of three-dimensional micromachining of glass using femtosecond laser pulses include waveguides [1-9], couplers [10][11][12][13][14], gratings [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23], and three-dimensional binary data storage [24][25][26][27], lenses [28,29], and channels [30][31][32][33]. We present, in this paper, fabrication experiments of three-dimensional photonic devices. Contents of this paper are based on those presented in the International Symposium on Advances and Trends in Fiber Optics and Applications (ATFO 2004), October 11-15, 2004 , Chongqing University, Chongqing, China, and The 6th International Symposium on Laser Precision Microfabrication -SCI-ENCE AND APPLICATIONS -(LPM2005), April 4-8, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA. A 2-mm-long directional coupler to split the optical beam intensities into 1:1 at a wavelength of 632.8 nm is demonstrated [14]. We present in this paper the fabrication experiment of volume gratings induced in silica glass by filamentation of ultrashort laser pulses [17]. We stacked the layers with a period of several microns and fabricated volume gratings. To measure the diffraction efficiency we entered a He-Ne laser beam at the wavelength of 632.8 nm to the grating with the Bragg angle. The maximum diffraction efficiency was 74.8% with the grating that had the period of 3 µm, and the thickness of 150 µm. Fresnel zone plates by embedding voids in silica glass are demonstrated [28]. Holographic data storage on fused silica, soda-lime, and lead glasses with a single 130 fs laser pulse at a wavelength of 800 nm is presented [22]. After the sample is exposed to the interference fringe pattern of the object beam and the reference beam, a relief hologram is recorded through surface ablation. The recorded information can be reconstructed without destruction of the hologram when the power of the reference beam is reduced below the ablation threshold. Finally, we show

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Molekulare Kohlenstoffnitride: Bei der Photolyse von Triazido‐s‐triazin (C3N12, 1) mit λ=266 nm in einer Stickstoffmatrix bei 20 K entstehen nacheinander verschiedene reaktive Spezies – zuerst vermutlich ein Trinitren, dann NCN und schließlich ein neues C3N4‐Isomer, das Dicyanocarbodiimid NCNCNCN (siehe Schema).

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was examined to detect a trace substance adhered onto Al alloys for the surface inspection of materials to be adhesively bonded. As an example of Si contamination, silicone oil was employed and sprayed onto substrates with a controlled surface concentration. LIBS measurements employing nanosecond UV pulses (λ=266 nm) and an off-axis emission collection system with different detecting heights were performed. Because surface contaminants are involved in the plasma formed by laser ablation of the substrates, the relative contribution of the surface contaminants and the substrates to the plasma emission could be changed depending on the conditions for plasma formation. The limit of detection (LOD) was evaluated under several detecting conditions for investigating the factors that affected the LOD. A significant factor was the standard deviation values of signal intensities obtained for the clean substrates. This value varied depending on the measurement conditions. For the Al alloy (A6061), the smallest LOD obtained was 0.529 μg•cm −2 . Furthermore, an improved LOD (0.299 μg•cm −2 ) was obtained for the Al alloy with a lower Si content.

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