Forests play crucial roles in regulating the amount and timing of streamflow through the water storage function. Bryophytes contribute to this increase in water storage owing to their high water-holding capacity; however, they might be severely damaged by climate warming. This study examined the water storage capacity (WSC) of bryophytes in forests in the mountainous areas of Japan. Sampling plots (100 m 2 ) were established along two mountainous trails at 200-m altitude intervals. Bryophytes were sampled in these plots using 100-cm 2 quadrats, and their WSC was evaluated according to the maximum amount of water retained in them (WSC-quadrat). The total amount of water in bryophytes within each plot (WSC-plot) was then calculated. The WSC-quadrat was affected by the forms of bryophyte communities (life forms) and their interactions, further influencing soil moisture. The WSC-quadrat did not show any significant trend with altitude, whereas, the highest WSC-plot values were obtained in subalpine forests. These changes to WSC-plot were explained by large differences in bryophyte cover with altitude. As the WSC controlled by the life forms might be vulnerable to climate warming, it can provide an early indicator of how bryophyte WCS and associated biological activities are influenced.Forests 2018, 9, 433 2 of 14 decade, while the shift to higher latitudes is estimated at 16.9 km per decade [17]. Under current climate change scenarios, one-tenth to one-half of global land might be highly or very highly vulnerable [18]. Temperate mixed forests, boreal conifer forests, tundra, and alpine biomes are considered the most vulnerable biomes to these changes [18]. The changes of forest ecosystems in response to climate warming might alter water yield, impacting water supply for human consumption [16].The response of vegetation to climate warming differs according to plant groups. Among plant groups, serious damage to bryophytes may arise due to their sensitivity to these changes because of their poikilohydric properties [19]. The water content of bryophytes is highly dependent on their external environment, decreasing rapidly when temperature rises and humidity drops [19,20]. The decrease in the water content leads to a shorter period of metabolic activity and tissue damage caused by drought stress [20]. As a result, bryophytes, especially those currently growing in environments with low drought stress, are sensitive to climatic warming that causes both thermal and drought stress [20,21].Although bryophytes are vulnerable to climate warming, they play important roles in increasing the water storage capacity of forest ecosystems [9,[22][23][24][25][26][27]. Because of their poikilohydric properties, bryophytes can retain relatively high amount of water within the community, ranging between approximately 200% and 3000% of their dry mass [25,28,29]. Their water storage capacity is severely reduced once they are water saturated [9]; however, they contribute towards buffering the influence of rainfall on forest ecosystems, especi...