Hypericin from Hypericwnperforaturn was found to inhibit in vitro type A and B monoamine oxidase (MAO's) prepared by treating rat brain mitochondria with selective inhibitors. The inhibition of type A MAO by hypericin was higher than that of type B MAO. The inhibition was almost irreversible for both MAO types.

The possible role of the peripheral cannabinoid receptor (CB2) in neutrophil migration was investigated by using human promyelocytic HL60 cells differentiated into neutrophil-like cells and human neutrophils isolated from whole blood. Cell surface expression of CB2 on HL60 cells, on neutrophil-like HL60 cells, and on human neutrophils was confirmed by flow cytometry. Upon stimulation with either of the CB2 ligands JWH015 and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), neutrophil-like HL60 cells rapidly extended and retracted one or more pseudopods containing F-actin in different directions instead of developing front/rear polarity typically exhibited by migrating leukocytes. Activity of the Rho-GTPase RhoA decreased in response to CB2 stimulation, whereas Rac1, Rac2, and Cdc42 activity increased. Moreover, treatment of cells with RhoA-dependent protein kinase (p160-ROCK) inhibitor Y27632 yielded cytoskeletal organization similar to that of CB2-stimulated cells. In human neutrophils, neither JWH015 nor 2-AG induced motility or morphologic alterations. However, pretreatment of neutrophils with these ligands disrupted N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP)-induced front/rear polarization and migration and also substantially suppressed fMLP-induced RhoA activity. These results suggest that CB2 might play a role in regulating excessive inflammatory response by controlling RhoA activation, thereby suppressing neutrophil migration.The peripheral cannabinoid receptor (CB2) 2 was cloned in 1993 (1) after cloning of the central cannabinoid receptor (CB1) in 1990 (2). It has been suggested that the gene encoding CB2 is a protooncogene and that aberrant expression of CB2 in myeloid precursor cells results in the development of leukemia by blocking neutrophil differentiation (3, 4). CB2 is expressed predominantly in immune cells (5), and because of the diversity of immune cells, it is assumed that CB2 is involved in various activities in addition to inhibition of neutrophil differentiation (6 -9). Steffens et al. (10) recently reported that doses of ⌬ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (the most psychoactive component of marijuana) too low to have psychotropic effects inhibit the progression of atherosclerosis via immunomodulatory effects on lymphoid and myeloid cells. This report indicates that CB2 may be involved in a wide range of physiologic phenomena related to immunity and that some CB2 ligands may have application in the treatment of inflammatory disease. However, research into CB2 is still in its early stages. In particular, the involvement of only a few molecules, G␣ i /G␣ o protein, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-B families, in the CB2 signaling pathways has been reported (6 -8, 11).Among the possible roles of CB2 in immunity is the induction of leukocyte migration to sites of infection and inflammation, an important step in the host defense against pathogenic microorganisms. CB2 is a seven-transmembrane, G␣ i /G␣ o protein-coupled receptor, as ar...

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Eleven naturally occurring xanthones were tested for in vitro inhibition of type A and type B monoamine oxidases (MAO's), prepared by treating rat brain mitochondria with selective inhibitors. All compounds showed various potencies of inhibition for both types of MAO. I -Hydroxy-3 ,8-dimethoxy-xanthone and I ,3-dihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy-xanthone were most potent for type A MAO, while they were rather weak for type B MAO, showing that these compounds can be regarded as type A inhibitors. The xanthones bearing 1 ,3-dihydroxy-groups generally exhibited potent inhibition for both types. The 3-0glucosides of xanthones were much weaker than their corresponding genuine aglycones for both types.

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In the present study 161 Japanese father/son haplotype transfers in 147 pedigrees were analyzed at 14 Y-STRs with two multiplex PCR-based typing systems. Five isolated single repeat mutations were identified at the DYS389I, DYS439, Y-GATA-H4, DYS389II and DYS391 loci, and a pedigree showing triple alleles at the DYS385 locus (a duplicate locus) without allelic discrepancy between the father and son was also observed. The overall mutation rate estimated across the 14 Y-STRs in the Japanese population was 0.22%/locus/meiosis (95% C.I. 0.09-0.51%). This rate was not significantly different (p>0.05) from those of autosomal STRs and Y-STRs in other populations, including German, Austrian, Polish and Norwegian populations. Furthermore, 138 haplotypes were identified in 147 pedigrees with a haplotype diversity value of 0.9983. Therefore, a combination of the two systems should permit effective analysis with sufficient discriminatory power.

A simple spectrophotometric method for determination of carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) in blood is described. Blood is dissolved in sodium carbonate solution at a dilution near 250-fold. The diluent contains sodium hydrosulfite providing the two-component system HbCO-reduced hemoglobin (HHb). The percentage of HbCO is calculated from absorbance values at 532 and 558 nm measured after the addition of sodium hydroxide, which makes the solution completely clear. Results obtained by the present method are in satisfactory agreement with those by the oxygen electrode method.