EoE should be diagnosed when there are symptoms of esophageal dysfunction and at least 15 eosinophils per high-power field (or approximately 60 eosinophils per mm) on esophageal biopsy and after a comprehensive assessment of non-EoE disorders that could cause or potentially contribute to esophageal eosinophilia. The evidence suggests that PPIs are better classified as a treatment for esophageal eosinophilia that may be due to EoE than as a diagnostic criterion, and we have developed updated consensus criteria for EoE that reflect this change.

Background-Invasion of the intestinal mucosa by leucocytes is a characteristic of intestinal inflammation but the role of the epithelium in orchestrating this recruitment has not been examined in vivo. Cultured intestinal epithelial cells secrete a wide variety of chemokines, often in response to agents present in the intestinal lumen. Macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) is a chemokine that attracts neutrophils, and its secretion from intestinal epithelial cells is enhanced by inflammatory stimuli such as interleukin 1 . We hypothesised that the production of MIP-2 by epithelial cells would increase leucocyte migration into the intestine. Aim-To study the eVects of a chemokine secreted from intestinal epithelial cells in vivo. Methods-MIP-2 was expressed in the mouse intestinal epithelium using an epithelial cell specific promoter from the gene encoding the intestinal fatty acid binding protein. The intestines of these transgenic mice were then analysed. Results-Epithelial cells from transgenic mice expressed MIP-2 but wild-type mice did not. Neutrophil recruitment, examined by myeloperoxidase (MPO) staining and total MPO activity per unit weight of intestine, was significantly increased in transgenic mice in both the small intestine and proximal colon, and this was blocked by anti-MIP-2 antibody treatment. Both intraepithelial and lamina propria lymphocytes were also increased in transgenic mice. They showed chemotactic activity to MIP-2 in the Boyden chambers and expressed MIP-2 receptor (CXCR-2) mRNA confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Conclusion-These experiments are the first to show a functional role for epithelial chemokines in vivo and reveal an unexpected role for the neutrophil chemokine MIP-2 in controlling mucosal lymphocyte migration. (Gut 2001;49:526-533)

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The results of the present study suggest that very early administration of B. breve to low birth weight infants is useful in promoting the colonization of the Bifidobacterium and the formation of a normal intestinal flora.

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These results demonstrated that the administration of B. breve to preterm infants can up-regulate TGF-beta1 signaling and may possibly be beneficial in attenuating inflammatory and allergic reactions in these infants.

Oral administration of B breve reduces the production of butyric acid, which may be helpful in protecting LBW infants from digestive diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis.

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