Airborne particulate matter was collected at urban sites in six Asian countries (Japan, Korea, China, Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia), and the stable lead isotope ratios were measured. Some source-related materials, such as coal and leaded gasoline, were also analyzed and compared to the ratios observed in airborne lead. Airborne lead isotope ratios differed considerably from each other, and these differences corresponded to differences in the regional source of lead. Leaded gasoline was still the primary source of lead in some cities in Asia, and the lead isotope ratios were strongly influenced by those of leaded gasoline. In Chinese and Korean cities, however, the considerable effect from coal combustion and industrial activity was also observed in their isotope ratios, despite leaded gasoline use. On the other hand, only refuse incineration was a possible single source of lead in J apanese air from the view of lead isotope ratios.
Precious metal alloys enables new possibilities to tailor materials for specific optical functions. Here we present a systematic study of the effects of a nanoscale alloying on the permittivity of Au-Ag-Cu metals at 38 different atomic mixing ratios. The permittivity was measured and analyzed numerically by applying the Drude model. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the face centered cubic lattice of the alloys. Both, optical spectra and XRD results point towards an equivalent composition-dependent electron scattering behavior. Correlation between the fundamental structural parameters of alloys and the resulting optical properties is elucidated. Plasmonic properties of the Au-Ag-Cu alloy nanoparticles were investigated by numerical simulations. Guidelines for designing plasmonic response of nano- structures and their patterns are presented from the material science perspective.
Results: The ER group had a significantly higher percentage of intraluminal growing type of tumor (100% vs 41%) and smaller tumor size (23 vs 33 mm) than the LR group. The ER group had a significantly shorter operative time (93 vs 145 min) and less blood loss (13 vs 30 mL) than the LR group. In the ER group, three patients who had tumors located on the anterior wall of the stomach required laparoscopic closure after EFTR because of difficulty in endoscopic closure of the gastric-wall defect. Postoperative complication rates and duration of postoperative hospital stays did not differ between the two groups.Conclusions: ER may be technically feasible, safe, less invasive, and oncologically appropriate options for selected patients with the intraluminal growing type of G-SMT smaller than 30 mm. EFTR may be more reasonable alternatives to LR in selected patients with a small G-SMT located on the lesser curvature side.
An intricate relationship is revealed between the intensity of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and the optical extinction. The unusual trends of SERS intensity decrease while the extinction increases observed in experiments is fully explained for the first time. The SERS intensity is well known to be strongly correlated with the extinction at excitation and Stokes wavelengths, but the dependence is more involved than the simple product of the two extinction enhancements. The radiative and nonradiative losses, different for different Stokes wavelengths, strongly affect the relationship between SERS and extinction. Dye molecules are shown experimentally and numerically to experience different local field enhancements for the different Raman modes, and a simple qualitative analytical description of this universal phenomenon is provided here
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