Abstract. This paper describes development of a combined tensiontorsion multiaxial creep testing apparatus for heat resisting steel. It is essential for high temperature component designing to investigate creep rupture life and creep properties of heat resisting steel. Although high temperature structural components undergo multiaxial stress damage due to complex loading situation or shape discontinuity of the actual structure, there is no commercial testing apparatus which can conduct a creep testing under multiaxial stress conditions. In this study, we developed a combined tension-torsion multiaxial creep testing apparatus which can apply multiaxial stress to a hollow cylinder type testing specimen with 6 kN axial load and 12 Nm torsional load at high temperatures. Since the testing apparatus also has measuring devices for axial and shear displacements of the specimen, relationship curve between testing time and equivalent strain under multiaxial stress conditions of type 304 stainless steel is also discussed.
Adonis ramosa (Ranunculaceae) is a plant whose risk of extinction is increasing in Japan. In this study, we show that there is a significant possibility of establishing an A. ramosa population by sowing seeds or transplanting plants in a seminatural broad-leaved deciduous forest floor. Immediately after seed collection in early June, seeds were sown either in pots that were watered periodically or in a deciduous forest floor where the soil surface was prepared. In the following spring, 30-40% of the seeds germinated. Of the oneyear-old plants buried at a depth of 2 cm and two-yearold plants buried at a depth of 2 or 8 cm in the fall, 96% sprouted leaves in the following spring. However, 79% of the one-year-old plants buried at a depth of 8 cm sprouted leaves. In spring, the number of leaves, the widths of individual plants, and the heights of the two-year-old plants were greater than those of the oneyear-old plants. The dry weights of one-and two-yearold plants in fall after one spring growing season increased by 1.6-2.3 times and by 2.3-5.1 times, respectively, compared to the dry weight at the time of transplanting. Also, the dry weights of the plants transplanted at a depth of 8 cm were higher than those of plants transplanted at a depth of 2 cm for both oneand two-year-old plants. The results suggest that the growth conditions at a depth of 8 cm are more favorable than those at a depth of 2 cm.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.