Although the mortality rate due to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been gradually decreasing in Japan, approximately 30 000 people died of HCC in 2016. In 2007, the dominant etiology was persistent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, which accounted for 65% of total HCC deaths, and 15% of cases were due to chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. In managing chronic HBV and HCV infection, it is critically important to know the exact number of infected individuals in a particular country, which then assists in evaluating medical and financial needs in the foreseeable future. Therefore, from an epidemiological perspective, we estimated the numbers of HBV and HCV carriers in four categories: (i) undiagnosed carriers; (ii) carriers who were already hospitalized as patients or were receiving outpatient medical attention; (iii) diagnosed carriers who had not consulted any medical facility, or had discontinued consultation; and (iv) newly infected carriers. From these estimates we determined the current HBV and HCV burden and then reviewed the existing countermeasures for their prevention and control in Japan. While continuing the surveillance on the dynamics of hepatitis virus infections linked with preventive measures against hepatitis virus infection, it is crucially important to promote appropriate measures for each of the four groups of hepatitis virus carriers in society.
To evaluate whether green tea consumption provides protection against stomach cancer death, relative risks were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis in the Japan Collaborative Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk, sponsored by the Ministry of Health and Welfare (JACC Study). The study was based on 30 370 men and 42 481 women aged 40 -79. After adjustment for age, smoking status, history of peptic ulcer, family history of stomach cancer along with certain dietary items, the risks associated with drinking one or two, three or four, five to nine, and 10 or more cups of green tea per day, relative to those of drinking less than one cup per day, were 1.6 (95% CI: 0.9 -2.9), 1.1 (95% CI: 0.6 -1.9), 1.0 (95% CI: 0.5 -2.0), and 1.0 (95% CI: 0.5 -2.0), respectively, in men (P for trend=0.669), and 1.1 (95% CI: 0.5 -2.5), 1.0 (95% CI: 0.5 -2.5), 0.8 (95% CI: 0.4 -1.6), and 0.8 (95% CI: 0.3 -2.1), respectively, in women (P for trend=0.488). We found no inverse association between green tea consumption and the risk of stomach cancer death.
To evaluate whether green tea consumption provides protection against stomach cancer, the relative risks (RRs) were calculated in the Japan Collaborative Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk, sponsored by the Ministry of Health and Welfare (JACC Study). The study was based on 157 incident cases and 285 controls aged 40 -79 years. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to estimate the RRs for stomach cancer. It was found that green tea consumption had no protective effect against stomach cancer. After adjustment for age, smoking status, H. pylori infection, history of peptic ulcer, and family history of stomach cancer along with certain dietary elements, the risks associated with drinking one or two, three or four, five to nine, and 10 or more cups of green tea per day, relative to those of drinking less than one cup per day, were 1.3 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.6 -2.8), 1.0 (95% CI: 0.5 -1.9), 0.8 (95% CI: 0.4 -1.6), and 1.2 (95% CI: 0.6 -2.5), respectively (P for trend ¼ 0.899). We found no inverse association between green tea consumption and the risk of stomach cancer.
BACKGROUND: The job characteristics scale of job strain, which combines high job demands and low decision latitude based on Karasek’s model, has been applied to studies on health care and cardiovascular disease. However, little is known about the long-term stability of this scale with exposure of workers to job. We investigated the 5-year intraindividual variation in job characteristics scores among healthy community workers. METHODS: Subjects of the study were 458 community dwelling persons forming part of the Jich Medical School Cohort Study at Yamato (currently, Minami-Uonuma city), Niigata prefecture. The Japanese version of the World Health Organization Multinational Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease (WHO-MONICA) Psychosocial Study Questionnaire was implemented twice (from 1992 through 1995, and in 1999) to measure job demands and decision latitude levels. Intraclass correlation coefficients were computed to evaluate stability of scores of the questionnaire. RESULTS: Intraclass correlation coefficient of the decision latitude scores was 0.629 (95% confidence interval: 0.564 - 0.686) and that of the job demands scores was 0.551 (0.476 - 0.617). Subgroup analyses by age, sex, education level, years since first employment, number of co-workers, and job category and status at baseline revealed similar results. In contrast, subjects who experienced position changes within the same enterprise or changed jobs showed lower correlation coefficients of both decision latitude and job demands scores compared to those who experienced no change in job contents. CONCLUSION: The Japanese version of the WHO-MONICA Psychosocial Study Questionnaire showed statistically significant long-term stability and could be to some extent responsive to change in job strain levels.
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