We established robust, reliable protocols for 'Differential Display (DD),' an RNA fingerprinting method originally developed by Liang and Pardee [0992) Science 257, 967~71] using RT-PCR with arbitrary primers. Our protocols are optimized so that reliable DD analysis can be performed on a fluorescent DNA sequencer to ensure high throughput as well as improved operational safety, compared with the original one using radioactive compounds. Such 'Fluorescent Differential Display (FDD)' techniques will accelerate the identification of differentially expressed as well as polymorphic transcripts to address various biological questions.
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) with a high efficiency of 4.27%, which is superior to that of ZnO-based DSCs containing metal complex dyes such as N-719, under 100 mW cm(-2) illumination, are achieved by using metal-free organic dyes and a perpendicular ZnO nanosheet thick film synthesized by a self-templating method.
Magnetization measurements and differential thermal analysis (DTA) of polycrystalline MnBi were carried out in magnetic fields up to 14 T and in 300-773 K, in order to investigate the magnetic phase transition. The magnetic phase transition temperature (T t ) at a zero magnetic field is 628 K and linearly increases with increasing fields up to 14 T at the rate of 2 KT À1 . A metamagnetic transition between the paramagnetic and field-induced ferromagnetic states was observed just above T t . The exothermic and endothermic peaks were detected in the magnetic field dependence of DTA signals in 626-623 K, which relates to the metamagnetic transition. The obtained results were discussed on the basis of a mean field theory.
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