Among 603 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae collected between June and November 2003 from three university hospitals within Korea, bla CTX-M-3 , bla CTX-M-15 , bla CTX-M-14 , and bla CTX-M-9 were detected in 41 isolates of species from five different genera of Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter spp., and Serratia marcescens.Although most extended-spectrum -lactamases (ESBL) belong to the TEM-and SHV-type ESBL families, the members of a novel ESBL family, CTX-M, are increasingly being reported in gram-negative bacilli (1). Here, we examined the presence of CTX-M enzymes and the predominant type of CTX-M enzyme in Korea.Between June and November 2003, 603 consecutive nonduplicate nosocomial isolates of Enterobacteriaceae were collected from three university hospitals located in three different cities-Daegu, Daejun, and Cheonan-in Korea. Among the 603 isolates collected, 163 (27%) were grown on MuellerHinton agar plates containing 2 g of cefotaxime (Sigma)/ml, and they were subjected to PCR for detecting bla CTX-M with primers listed in Table 1, designed for detection of enzymes from the CTX-M-1, CTX-M-2, and CTX-M-9 groups. As a result of the PCR experiment, 41 of 163 isolates (25.2%) have been shown to carry bla CTX-M : 28 strains were positive for the PCR of the CTX-M-1 group, and 13 strains were positive for the PCR of the CTX-M-9 group. Further determination of bla CTX-M alleles was performed by nucleotide sequencing of PCR products on both strands with primers used for PCR. Sequencing was carried out with the Taq DyeDeoxyTerminal
Electrocardiogram signal analysis is based on detecting a fiducial point consisting of the onset, offset, and peak of each waveform. The accurate diagnosis of arrhythmias depends on the accuracy of fiducial point detection. Detecting the onset and offset fiducial points is ambiguous because the feature values are similar to those of the surrounding sample. To improve the accuracy of this paper’s fiducial point detection, the signal is represented by a small number of vertices through a curvature-based vertex selection technique using polygonal approximation. The proposed method minimizes the number of candidate samples for fiducial point detection and emphasizes these sample’s feature values to enable reliable detection. It is also sensitive to the morphological changes of various QRS complexes by generating an accumulated signal of the amplitude change rate between vertices as an auxiliary signal. To verify the superiority of the proposed algorithm, error distribution is measured through comparison with the QT-DB annotation provided by Physionet. The mean and standard deviation of the onset and the offset were stable as −4.02±7.99 ms and −5.45±8.04 ms, respectively. The results show that proposed method using small number of vertices is acceptable in practical applications. We also confirmed that the proposed method is effective through the clustering of the QRS complex. Experiments on the arrhythmia data of MIT-BIH ADB confirmed reliable fiducial point detection results for various types of QRS complexes.
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