Bacterial-fungal interactions are widely found in distinct environments and contribute to ecosystem processes. Previous studies of these interactions have mostly been performed in soil, and only limited studies of aerial plant tissues have been conducted. Here we show that a seed-borne plant pathogenic bacterium, Burkholderia glumae (Bg), and an air-borne plant pathogenic fungus, Fusarium graminearum (Fg), interact to promote bacterial survival, bacterial and fungal dispersal, and disease progression on rice plants, despite the production of antifungal toxoflavin by Bg. We perform assays of toxoflavin sensitivity, RNA-seq analyses, lipid staining and measures of triacylglyceride content to show that triacylglycerides containing linolenic acid mediate resistance to reactive oxygen species that are generated in response to toxoflavin in Fg. As a result, Bg is able to physically attach to Fg to achieve rapid and expansive dispersal to enhance disease severity.
South Korean early study abroad students and their parents in Singapore negotiate and redefine the values of Mandarin, English, and Singlish used in Singapore in an attempt to forge their own transnational identities. In this process, these Korean migrants tend to place more emphasis on metapragmatic discourses; that is, how to speak the languages appropriately. They then use such metapragmatic evaluations to justify their use of the local varieties and practices of language in Singapore. Their discourses are based on two language ideologies –pragmatism and sociolinguistic competence – which are examined here as alternative forms of language legitimacy that coexist with the dominant notion of legitimate language. These multiple language ideologies provide the basis for Korean migrants’ emerging notions of the ‘Asian global,’ a desirable transnational subject who is more practical and sociocentric than the conventional image of high‐ranking elites, with greater adaptability to various local situations.
조기유학을 위해 싱가포르로 이주해온 한국인 가족들은, 자신들의 세계적 정체성을 형성하는 과정에서, 영어, 중국어, 싱글리쉬의 세가지 언어에 대하여 다양한 가치와 태도를 보인다. 이러한 정체성 형성 과정에서, 한국인 조기유학 이주민들은 그들의 메타화용론적 담론, 즉 무슨 언어를 사용할 수 있는가 보다는, 어떻게 언어를 사회적으로 적절하게 구사하는가에 대해 더욱 강조하며, 이러한 평가는 동시에 싱가포르 내에서 사용되는 지역적 언어변이와 그 사용양식을 정당화하는 주요 기제가 된다. 나아가 이러한 메타화용적 담론은 실용주의와 사회언어적 능력의 중시라는 두 가지 언어이데올로기에 의해 매개되며, 이러한 대체적 언어이데올로기는 보다 공식적인 언어이데올로기와 공존하고 있다. 한편, 한국이주민들이 가지고 있는 다중 언어이데올로기는 이들이 새롭게 제시하는 ‘아시아적 세계인’의 모습, 즉 기존의 개인주의적이고 서구 중심적인 상층 엘리트의 이미지와는 다른, 보다 실용주의적이고 사회중심적이며, 어떠한 사회적 변화에도 유연하게 잘 적응할 수 있는 이상적인 초국가적 주체의 모습을 반영한다. [Korean]
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