Abstract. The current accelerating expansion of the Universe is explained either by dark energy or by modified gravity theories. Both of them can explain exactly the same background evolution of the Universe, however this degeneracy may be broken when the observation of large scale structure formation is taken into account. Two observables are parameterized by the so-called dark energy equation of state, ! and the growth index parameter, γ. From these observed parameters, one may reconstruct the model parameters of the so-called scalar-tensor gravity theory, one of the modified gravity theories. Especially, the scalar-tensor gravity theory is described both in Jordan frame and in Einstein frame. If cosmological observations are interpreted in one frame, then all of the observables should also be interpreted in that frame. This explicitly shows conformal inequality of cosmological observables.
Cosmological observations provide more accurate values both for background evolution of the Universe and for the structure formation. These values are given by the so-called dark energy equation of state, ω and the growth index parameter, γ. From these observed parameters, one can reconstruct the model functions in scalar tensor gravity theories. However, there is a long standing debate about the (in)equality between conformally transformed frames in scalar tensor gravity models. We show that cosmological observables are frame dependent when they are described by frame independent parameter, redshift. Thus, if the cosmological observables are interpreted in one frame, then all of the observables should also be interpreted in that frame. This explicitly shows the conformal inequality of cosmological observables. Also, our method provides the model independent analysis for STG models about various observables in both frames.
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