This study evaluated the safety and volume reduction of ultrasonography (US)-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for benign thyroid nodules, and the factors affecting the results obtained. A total of 302 benign thyroid nodules in 236 euthyroid patients underwent RFA between June 2002 and January 2005. RFA was carried out using an internally cooled electrode under local anesthesia. The volume-reduction ratio (VRR) was assessed by US and safety was determined by observing the complications during the follow-up period (1-41 months). The correlation between the VRR and several factors (patient age, volume and composition of the index nodule) was evaluated. The volume of index nodules was 0.11-95.61 ml (mean, 6.13 +/- 9.59 ml). After ablation, the volume of index nodules decreased to 0.00-26.07 ml (mean, 1.12 +/- 2.92 ml) and the VRR was 12.52-100% (mean, 84.11 +/- 14.93%) at the last follow-up. A VRR greater than 50% was observed in 91.06% of nodules, and 27.81% of index nodules disappeared. The complications encountered were pain, hematoma and transient voice changes. In conclusion, RFA is a safe modality effective at reducing volume in benign thyroid nodules.
Thermal ablation using radiofrequency is a new, minimally invasive modality employed as an alternative to surgery in patients with benign thyroid nodules and recurrent thyroid cancers. The Task Force Committee of the Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology has developed recommendations for the optimal use of radiofrequency ablation for thyroid nodules. These recommendations are based on a comprehensive analysis of the current literature, the results of multicenter studies, and expert consensus.
This study confirmed that radiofrequency ablation is effective for reducing nodule volume and relieving nodule-related clinical problems and that an effect due to spontaneous nodule reduction can be excluded owing to the results of the comparison with a similar control group.
The Tao-Perdew-Staroverov-Scuseria (TPSS) meta-generalized-gradient-approximation (MGGA) and its revised version, the revTPSS, are implemented self-consistently within the framework of the projector-augmented-wave (PAW) method, using a plane wave basis set.Both TPSS and revTPSS yield accurate atomization energies for the molecules in the AE6 set, better than those of the standard Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) generalized-gradientapproximation. For lattice constants and bulk moduli of 20 diverse solids, revTPSS performs much better than PBE, and on average as well as PBEsol and Armiento-Mattsson (AM05), GGAs designed for solids. The latter two overestimate the atomization energies for molecules to an unacceptable degree. However, the revTPSS presents only a slight improvement over PBEsol for the prediction of cohesive energies for solids, and some deterioration with respect to PBE. We also study the magnetic properties of Fe, for which both TPSS and revTPSS predict the right ground-state solid phase, the ferromagnetic body-centered-cubic (bcc) structure, with an accurate magnetic moment.
Although surgery is the standard treatment of locally metastatic thyroid cancer, RFA is effective for locoregional control of metastatic well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma in patients for whom surgery is infeasible.
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