As calcium sensor relays in plants, calcineurin B-like (CBL) proteins provide an important contribution to decoding Ca2+ signatures elicited by a variety of abiotic stresses. Currently, it is well known that CBLs perceive and transmit the Ca2+ signals mainly to a group of serine/threonine protein kinases called CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs). In this study, we report that the CBL10 member of this family has a novel interaction partner besides the CIPK proteins. Yeast two-hybrid screening with CBL10 as bait identified an Arabidopsis cDNA clone encoding a TOC34 protein, which is a member of the TOC (Translocon of the Outer membrane of the Chloroplasts) complex and possesses the GTPase activity. Further analyses showed that in addition to CBL10, CBL7 also interacts with TOC34 at much lower strength in the yeast two-hybrid system. However, the rest of the CBL family members failed to interact with TOC34. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analysis verified that the CBL10-TOC34 interaction occurs at the outer membrane of chloroplasts in vivo. In addition, we also demonstrated that CBL10 physically associates with TOC34 in vitro, resulting in a significant decrease in the GTPase activity of the TOC34 protein. Taken together, our findings clearly indicate that a member of the CBL family, CBL10, can modulate not only the CIPK members but also TOC34, allowing the CBL family to relay the Ca2+ signals in more diverse ways than currently known.
This investigation demonstrated that bicarbonate ions were selectively formed over carbamate in a CO 2 absorption process using piperidine and piperazine derivatives based on 13 C NMR. Piperidines with methyl or hydroxymethyl substituent at 2 position (PiP-Me and PiP-MeOH) and 2,5-dimethylpiperazine (DM-PiZ) generated the bicarbonate ions as main adducts in reaction with CO 2 . The absorptions of CO 2 by those aqueous amines (PiP-Me and DM-PiZ) were faster than those of MEA (2-aminoethanol).Recently, there has been increasing demand for green energy and environmentally related areas: specifically, post combustion CO 2 capture (PCC). In order to address this problem, many different technologies have been tried, including water-soluble amines, 1,2 using solid amines, 3 ionic liquid, 4 or porous supports, 5 cryogenic and membrane separation, 6 and biological conversion. 7 Thanks to its high capacity for CO 2 absorption at a low CO 2 partial pressure, amine-based absorption techniques have been considered as the most promising technology in PCC. 8 In the progress of amine-based absorption technology, it has been reported that a certain type of amine, 9,10 a mixture of different types of amine, 11,12 finding the optimum absorption process conditions and controlling the stability and reactivity enhance the CO 2 absorption efficiency. However, many researchers have focused on which alternative amine makes it possible to overcome amine disadvantages, including solvent loss and high desorption energy. 13,14 Recently, we proposed that enhancing the hydrogencarbonate (bicarbonate, BC) selectivity process may solve the cumbersome problem of high desorption energy in CO 2 absorption. 15 Thus far researchers know that CO 2 is converted into mixtures of carbamate (CB) and BC in the amine-based CO 2 absorption process. In general, CB is formed quickly, but it requires high desorption energy. Whereas carbonate is formed more slowly and it requires only low desorption energy. In other words, CB can be stably stored and BC can easily reproduce CO 2 . 8 Thus, if CO 2 is converted and separated only in one form of the intermediates CB or BC, then the storage and desorption processes for CO 2 could be implemented in PCC more efficiently than the CBBC mixture could.The reaction mechanisms for the amine-based CO 2 capture vary depending on the structure of the amines (eqs 13). In primary or secondary amines, which can provide protic cations, two moles of amines absorb one mole of CO 2 to form carbamate ions (eq 1) then undergo hydrolysis to produce bicarbonate or carbonate. In tertiary amines, which are not capable of releasing H + ions, these amines do not generate carbamate; CO 2 is converted to bicarbonate, but slowly in the same molar ratio (eq 3). 1619 (1) Carbamate formation (1°and 2°amines)(2) Conversion of carbamate to bicarbonate(3) Bicarbonate formation (3°amine)In principle, the conversion of CB to BC as in eq 2 would depend on the structures of amines resulting in different steric or electronic effects. With this fact in m...
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