example of a single material that can be used to construct an encoded library spanning such a broad wavelength range. ExperimentalSample Preparation: Porous silicon samples were prepared by anodically etching degenerate p-type, B-doped, (100)-oriented silicon with < 2 mX cm resistivity (Siltronix, inc.) in a solution of 48 % aqueous HF:ethanol (3:1 by volume). Freestanding films were ªlifted offº the substrate by application of a current pulse of approximately 10 mA cm ±2 for 2 min in an electrolyte solution comprised of 3 % HF (aq.) in ethanol. At this point the freestanding porous Si film is fractured into small particles by ultrasonication in ethanol for ca. 5 s, producing randomly shaped particles approximately 10 lm thick and 100±500 lm across [8,20].Spectral Measurements: Samples were illuminated with a tungsten lamp, and the reflected light spectrum was measured using an Ocean Optics S2000 CCD spectrometer. For spectral acquisition on particles the light source was focused to a 250 lm-diameter spot using a modified optical microscope and the reflected light was transmitted to the spectrometer using a cubic beam splitter.Polymer Coating: Porous Si±poly(norbornylene) composites were prepared using the following procedure: Into a glass vial was placed the freshly prepared porous Si particles and approx 0.25 mL of a 10 mM solution of tricyclohexylphosphine[1,3bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene][benzylidine]ruthenium(IV) dichloride catalyst (Strem Chemicals) in dichloroethane. The flask was allowed to sit for 20 min. Excess catalyst was removed from the mixture by washing with 2 mL aliquots of methylene chloride until the supernatant solution was colorless. Polymerization was initiated by addition of 4.0 mL of a 10 mM solution of norbornylene (Aldrich, 99 %) in 1:9 dichloroethane/toluene to the catalyst-impregnated particles. The mixture was gently shaken for two hours at room temperature. The reaction solution was then decanted from the particles and replaced with fresh toluene. The suspension was then heated to 105 C for 15 h. The toluene was decanted off and the composite particles were washed three times with tetrahydrofuran, and then dried under a stream of dry dinitrogen gas. The coated materials were stored in a vacuum desiccator until use. Two-Dimensional, Open-Pored, Mesoscopic Titania Layers using Polymeric Nanoparticle Monolayers as a Template** By Yoon-Hee Cho, Gyoujin Cho, and Jae-Suk Lee*In the past few decades, considerable efforts have been made in the field of preparing inorganic materials such as TiO 2 , SiO 2 , and SnO 2 with ordered porosity for diverse applications in catalysis, medicine, and electronics.[1] With the increasing demand for these materials, relatively simple preparation methods based on the sol±gel process have mainly been pursued. The best-known routes for creating ordered porosity are emulsion templating and replication of three-dimensional (3D) latex arrays.[2] Xia et al. [1] and Pine and coworkers [2] have reported the successful preparation of 3D c...
The effect of DHU001, a mixed herbal formula consisted of 7 types aqueous extracts for various respiratory disorders were evaluated on the formalin-induced paw chronic inflammation in mice after oral administration. Mice were subaponeurotically injected in the left hind paw with 0.02 ml of 3.75% formalin, then subjected to 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg of DHU001 oral administration, once a day for 10 days during which then the hind-paw thickness and volume were measured daily. The paw wet-weight, histological profiles, histomorphometrical analyses and paw tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α contents were conducted at termination. After two formalin treatments, a marked increase in the paw thickness and volume was detected in the formalin-injected control as compared with that in the intact control, plus at the time of sacrifice the paw wet-weights, paw TNF-α contents were also dramatically increased with severe chronic inflammation signs at histopathological observations. However, these formalin-induced chronic inflammatory changes were dramatically decreased by treatment of dexamethasone and all three different dosages of DHU001. DHU001 has favorable effects on formalin-induced chronic inflammation mediated by TNF-α suppression, and DHU001 may represent an alternative approach for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.
This study analyzed the effects of various alcohol prevention programs on the drinking behavior of adolescents. There were seven electronic databases used for the literature search. A systematic review and meta-analysis are employed for works published in Korean and English from January 2010 to April 2021, with strict inclusion criteria yielding 12 papers in the review. The type of alcohol prevention interventions included educational and motivational interventions. Six studies had more than 500 participants each, and five studies had more than 10 participating schools. The programs did not effectively reduce the frequency of drinking or binge drinking of adolescents but significantly reduced the amount of alcohol consumed. Based on the results of this study, when planning alcohol prevention programs for adolescents, it is necessary to adopt a multi-level approach, including the engagement of parents and the community.
The presence of Neorickettsia (Ehrlichia) risticii DNA was confirmed by PCR amplification and sequence analysis from cercaria in snails collected from stream water in Chungcheong and Jeonra provinces. A total of 3,219 snails were tested for trematode cercariae and N. risticii infection. N. risticii 16S rRNA gene fragment was amplified in cercariae from Semisulcospira libertina and Radix auricularia coreana snails by nested PCR. More than four genus cercariae (Schistosomatidae, Microphallidae, Furcocercus, and Xiphidiocercaria) as well as unidentified cercariae were found from Semisulcospira libertina snails. Three species of cercariae (E. cinetorichis, E. hortense, and Fasciola sp.) were found from Radix auricularia coreana snails. The cercariae were present in 429 (13.3%) snails of 3,216 collected at the Chungcheong and Jeonra provinces. The prevalence of N. risticii in these 429 cercariae was 17.9% (77 of 429 cercariae-infected snails). The amplicons of N. risticii 16S rRNA gene fragment (527 bp) from cercariae DNA had two genotypes (NR-JA1 and NR-JA2) with an identity of 96.4% between their nucleotide sequences. However, when compared to the sequence of N. risticii Shasta strain these sequences showed a 94.3% and 96.4% homology, respectively. The comparison of N. risticii 51 kDa major antigen gene sequences (572 bp) from NR-JA1 and NR-JA2 were 100% identical to the sequence of the isolates from Juga sp., Caddisfly larvae, Shasta, Juga yrekaensis, and trematode of California. This study reports for the first time the detection of N. risticii from cercariae found in Radix auricularia coreana snail. These data also indicate that N. risticii could be widespread in Korea.
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