Die Kontrolle der Selektivität zwischen H2‐Bildung und CO2‐Reduktion an der Grenzfläche eines Halbleiter/Elektrolyt‐Übergangs wird von O. S. Joo et al. in ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 16547 beschrieben. Eine Konkurrenz zwischen beiden Prozessen wurde an (Photo)elektroden unter elektrochemischen Bedingungen beobachtet, allerdings wurde die elektrochemische H2‐Bildung unter photoelektrochemischen Bedingungen, mit einem identischen Elektroden/Elektrolyt‐System, unterdrückt und eine hohe Selektivität für die CO2‐Reduktion gefunden.

An atomic gradient passivation layer, (Ta,Mo) x (O,S) y , is designed to improve the charge transportation and photoelectrochemical activity of CuInS2-based photoelectrodes. We found that Mo spontaneously diffused to the a-TaO x layer during e-beam evaporation. This result indicates that the gradient profile of MoO x /TaO x is formed in the sublayer of (Ta,Mo) x (O,S) y . To understand the atomic-gradation effects of the (Ta,Mo) x (O,S) y passive layer, the composition and (photo)­electrochemical properties have been characterized in detail. When this atomic gradient-passive layer is applied to CuInS2-based photocathodes, promising photocurrent and onset potential are seen without using Pt cocatalysts. This is one of the highest activities among reported CuInS2 photocathodes, which are not combined with noble metal cocatalysts. Excellent photoelectrochemical activity of the photoelectrode can be mainly achieved by (1) the electron transient time improved due to the conductive Mo-incorporated TaO x layer and (2) the boosted electrocatalytic activity by Mo x (O,S) y formation.

Electrochemical and photoelectrochemical CO 2 reductions were carried out with Re(bh-bipy)(CO) 3 (OH 2 ) cocatalysts in aqueous electrolytes.C ompetition between hydrogen evolution and CO 2 reduction was observed under (photo)electrochemical conditions for both glassy carbon and CuInS 2 electrodes.T he partial current density for CO generation is limited even though the additional potential is applied. However,e lectrochemical hydrogen evolution was suppressed under photoelectrochemical conditions,and the selectivity and partial current density for CO were considerably increased when compared to the electrochemical reduction in an identical electrode/electrolyte system. This finding may provideinsights into using semiconductor/liquid junctions for solar fuel devices to overcome the limitations of electrolysis systems with an external bias.Artificial photosynthesis is the process wherein the CO 2 reduction reaction (CRR) takes place with hydrogen (water) and energy (sunlight) sources.T his process might be one of the key technologies for the future of human society because it is useful for producing valuable chemicals from waste contributing to global warming. [1] There are several ways to obtain solar fuel or chemicals by light irradiation, for example,photoelectrochemical cells (PECs) which are based on semiconductor/liquid junctions.I nt he PEC system, solar energy is directly converted into chemical energy at the semiconductor-electrolyte interface junction. Meanwhile,i n photovoltaic (PV) cell electrolysis systems,s olar energy is converted into electrical energy by photovoltaic cells,a nd then the electrical energy is used for electrochemical (EC) reactions. [2] Forb oth systems,i nput photons are finally converted into chemical energy forms.T herefore,t hese two different systems are not well distinguished.However,t he basic principles of PEC and PV-EC are clearly different. In particular,the electrode/electrolyte interface of aP EC is much different from that of EC reactions because of the properties of semiconductors.Unlike conducting electrodes,electron transfer between semiconductors and redox couples is limited, even though the Fermi level is shifted by applied potential due to rectifying properties of band pinning behavior. [3,4] When cocatalysts are combined with photoelectrodes,t herefore,t he energy structure between cocatalysts and semiconductor electrodes is more important than the one in the cocatalyst/non-semiconductor electrode system. In this research, we are reporting on different selectivities and reaction rates for PEC and EC systems having an identical cocatalyst, [(Re(bh-bipy)(CO) 3 (OH 2 )] + (bh-bipy = 4,4'-bis (hydroxymethyl)-2,2'-bipyridine), which is known to be very selective for CO production, using aC O 2 saturated aqueous electrolyte. [5] Firstly,t he CO 2 reaction was carried out with ag lassy carbon (GC) electrode in aC O 2 saturated electrolyte containing 1mm of the Re complexe (Figure 1a). From the linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) results,areduction peak of the Re complex is f...

Gamification of behavioral experiments has been applied successfully to research in a number of disciplines, including linguistics. We believe that these methods have been underutilized in applied linguistics, in particular second-language acquisition research. The incorporation of games and gaming elements (gamification) in behavioral experiments has been shown to mitigate many of the practical constraints characteristic of lab settings, such as limited recruitment or only achieving small-scale data. However, such constraints are no longer an issue with gamified and game-based experiments, and as a result, data collection can occur remotely with greater ease and on a much wider scale, yielding data that are ecologically valid and robust. These methods enable the collection of data that are comparable in quality to the data collected in more traditional settings while engaging far more diverse participants with different language backgrounds that are more representative of the greater population. We highlight three successful applications of using games and gamification with applied linguistic experiments to illustrate the effectiveness of such approaches in a greater effort to invite other applied linguists to do the same.

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The selectivity control between hydrogen evolution and CO2 reduction at the interface of a semiconductor/electrolyte junction is described by O. S. Joo et al. in their Communication on page 16395 ff. Competition between CO2 reduction and hydrogen evolution was observed on (photo)electrodes under electrochemical conditions. However, hydrogen evolution was suppressed under photoelectrochemical conditions, showing a high selectivity for CO2 reduction using an identical electrode/electrolyte system.

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Die Kontrolle der Selektivität zwischen H2‐Bildung und CO2‐Reduktion an der Grenzfläche eines Halbleiter/Elektrolyt‐Übergangs wird von O. S. Joo et al. in ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 16547 beschrieben. Eine Konkurrenz zwischen beiden Prozessen wurde an (Photo)elektroden unter elektrochemischen Bedingungen beobachtet, allerdings wurde die elektrochemische H2‐Bildung unter photoelektrochemischen Bedingungen, mit einem identischen Elektroden/Elektrolyt‐System, unterdrückt und eine hohe Selektivität für die CO2‐Reduktion gefunden.