Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) is induced by incident light when it interacts with noble metal nanoparticles that have smaller sizes than the wavelength of the incident light. Recently, LSPR-based nanobiosensors were developed as tools for highly sensitive, label-free, and flexible sensing techniques for the detection of biomolecular interactions. In this paper, we describe the basic principles of LSPR-based nanobiosensing techniques and LSPR sensor system for biomolecule sensing. We also discuss the challenges using LSPR nanobiosensors for detection of biomolecules as a biomarker.
Near-infrared (NIR) fluorophores attract increasing attention as a molecular marker (or probe) for in vivo and in vitro biological fluorescence imaging. Three types of new NIR fluorescent conjugated oligoelectrolytes (COEs: Q-FlTBTTFl, Q-FlBBTFl, and Q-FlTBBTTFl) are synthesized with quaternized ammonium ionic groups in their side-chains for water solubility. The emission wavelength is modulated in the range 600-1300 nm, by adjusting the intramolecular charge transfer in the molecular backbone based on the electron-rich fluorene (and/or thiophene) and electron-deficient benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazole (or benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c']bis[1,2,5]thiadiazole) moieties. The COEs show a remarkably larger Stokes shift (147-276 nm) compared to commercial rhodamine and cyanine dyes in water, avoiding self-quenching and interference from the excitation backscattered light. The photoluminescence (PL) quantum efficiency is improved substantially by up to 27.8% in water by fabricating a vesicular complex, COE/v, with a block ionomer, poly[(ethylene oxide)-block-(sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonate)]. In vitro cellular uptake images with the COEs are obtained with good biocompatibility by confocal single-photon and two-photon microscopy. The ex vivo and in vivo images of a mouse xenograft model treated with the Q-FlBBTFl/v exhibit a substantially stronger fluorescence signal at the tumor site than at the other organs, highlighting the potential of the COE/v as an NIR fluorescent imaging agent for the diagnosis of cancer.
Heterogeneous stem-like populations within tumor tissues are the primary suspects in causing cancer recurrence and malignancy. It is essential to selectively kill these tumorigenic populations. We created a novel system for photothermally ablating specific cells from three-dimensional mammospheres. A CD44-positive subpopulation, with tumorigenic and self-renewal potential, spontaneously arises in MCF7 breast cancer cell-engineered mammospheres. Using anti-CD44 antibody-linked gold nanorods, which strongly absorb near infrared light and increase local temperature, we effectively targeted and photo-ablated atypical cells. This biomarker-specific photothermal ablation model, using a smart nanoplatform, is a promising new strategy for selectively killing cancer cells, while sparing normal tissues.
In this study, we describe the development of a cancer biomarker-sensitive nanobiosensor based on localized surface plasmon resonance that enables recognition for proteolytic activity of membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) anchored on invasive cancer cells. First of all, we prepared biomarker-detectable substrate based on gold nanorods (GNRs) using nanoparticle adsorption method. The sensitivity of the sensing chip was confirmed using various solvents that have different refractive indexes. Subsequently, MT1-MMP-specific cleavable peptide was conjugated onto the surface of GNRs, and molecular sensing about proteolytic activity was conducted using MT1-MMP and cell lysates. Collectively, we developed a biomarker detectable sensor, which allows for the effective detection of proteolytic activity about MT1-MMP extracted from invasive cancer cells.
We estimated the photothermal transduction efficiency of gold nanorod (GNR) solutions for different GNR concentrations and irradiation laser power. In particular, we verified that the degree of cell death area could be modulated by GNR concentration and irradiation laser power. The efficacy of GNR-produced photothermal ablation of cancer cells was evaluated by irradiating GNRs in the presence of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells with a near-infrared (NIR) laser at different laser power densities and irradiation times. GNR-induced photothermal ablation was applied successfully to cancer cells at various NIR laser power densities and irradiation times and was characterized with live-dead cell staining. Through these techniques, we established the system for not only verification of induced photothermal effect using NIR laser and thermocouple, but also identification of uptake efficiency for GNRs and cell viability using dark field and fluorescence imaging, respectively.
wileyonlinelibrary.comthe nanomaterial development of inorganic (e.g., Au, [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Pd, [ 10,11 ] W 18 O 49 , [ 12 ] WS 2 , [ 13 ] CuS, [ 14 ] Cu 9 S 5 , [ 15 ] MoS 2 , [ 16 ] Bi 2 Se 3 , [ 17 ] etc.) and organic (e.g., polyaniline, [ 18 ] poly pyrrole, [19][20][21][22] poly(3,4-ethyl enedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), [ 23,24 ] carbon materials, [25][26][27][28] unit molecules [ 29 , 30a ] ) PT agents. PT therapy method supports the localized ablation of target cancer cells and relative lack of detrimental side effects to the surrounding normal tissues, that are typical for systemic chemotherapy and radiotherapy methods. [ 7 ] Therefore, recent studies have been conducted to identify the most suitable PT therapy methods, focusing various aspects including the shape control of PT agents, [ 9,31 ] the seeking of new materials, [12][13][14][15][16][17]23,29,30 ] the fabrication process, [ 21,31 ] the hybridization techniques of enhancing the PT effi ciency, [ 32 ] and giving magnetic resonance imaging [ 22 ] and drug release [ 24 ] capabilities.Among PT agents, organic nanomaterials have received more attentions because the inorganic-based PT agents are nonbiodegradable and generally would remain in the body for long periods of time, causing long-term toxicity. [ 33 ] Interestingly, the organic PT agents that have been developed are more economical and better adapted to largescale production rather than the gold-based nanostructures that To access smart optical theragnosis for cancer, an easily processable heterocyclic conjugated polymer (poly (sodium3-((3-methyl-3,4 -dihydro-2H-thieno[3,4b][1,4]dioxepin-3-yl)methoxy)propane-1-sulfonate), PPDS) nanoassemblyis fabricated by a surfactant-free one-step process, without the laborious ordinary multicoating process. The conjugated nanoassembly, with a selfdoped structure, provides strong absorbance in the near-infrared (NIR) range even in a neutral pH medium and exhibits excellent stability (>six months). In addition, the prepared PPDS nanoassembly shows a high photothermal conversion effi ciency of 31.4% in organic photothermal nanoparticles. In particular, the PPDS nanoassembly is stably suspended in the biological medium without any additives. Through a simple immobilization with the anti-CD44 antibody, the prepared biomarker-targetable PPDS nanoassembly demonstrates specifi c targeting toward CD44 (expressed in stem-like cancer cells), allowing NIR absorbance imaging and the effi cient targeted photothermal damaging of CD44-expressing cancer cells, from in vitro 3D mammospheres (similar to the practical structure of tumor in the body) to in vivo xenograft mice tumor models (breast cancer and fi brosarcoma). In this study, the most simplifi ed preparation method is for this organic conjugated polymer-based nanoassembly by a molecular approach is reported, and demonstrated as a highly promising optical nanoagent for optical cancer theragnosis.
We describe a near-infrared-sensitive molecular imaging probe based on hydrogel complexes that can target a stem-like gastric cancer cell marker (CD44, a marker that often correlates with a poor prognosis in patients). Thus, CD44-targetable and near-infrared-sensitive supramolecular hydrogels (NIRSHs, Cy5.5-conjugated polyethyleneimine/hyaluronic acid polyplexes) were fabricated by polyplexing in an aqueous medium. NIRSHs demonstrated good water-stability, biocompatibility, and specificity to CD44-expressing stem-like gastric cancer cells. Furthermore, NIR-sensitive in vivo imaging potentials of CD44-targetable NIRSHs for heterotopic/orthotopic xenograft mouse models were investigated.
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