This study investigated psychosocial and friendship characteristics of Korean children who engaged in bully/victim subgroups among their peer groups. The participants were 605 elementary school students in Bucheon City, Korea. The participants completed a peer nomination inventory as well as loneliness and social anxiety scales. Friendship quality was measured by self-reports. Significant differences in psychosocial characteristics were found among the bully/ victim subgroups and these differences were generally consistent with those in Western cultures. Moreover, children of the same bully/victim subgroups tend to befriend each other. Aggressive, passive victims and bullies were the same as normative contrasts with respect to conflict resolution and closeness/security, however, passive victims did not consider their friends as a significant source of help.
The purpose of this study was to investigate how different forms of peer relationships offer children unique support for loneliness and to examine the direct as well as indirect effects of social behaviours and academic performance through the mediation of peer relationships on the prediction of loneliness in Korean children. Four hundred and sixty-six children were recruited from a primary school in Korea. Peer nomination, self-reports, and teacher ratings were used to measure social behaviours, peer relationships, academic performance, and loneliness. The results showed that peer relationships, including peer acceptance, the number of friends, and positive friendship quality, uniquely contributed to loneliness. Peer relationships partially mediated between withdrawal and loneliness. Peer acceptance and friendship quality fully mediated the link between academic functioning and loneliness. The findings were discussed with respect to how the social behaviours and academic performance are perceived and valued in Korean culture.
ObjectiveThe study examined the association between hair manganese level and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Korean children.MethodsForty clinic-referred children with ADHD and 43 normal control children participated in this study. The participants were 6-15 years old and were mainly from the urban area of Seoul, Korea. ADHD was diagnosed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition and Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version-Korean Version. The severity and symptoms of ADHD was evaluated according to the ADHD Diagnostic System, and parent's Korean ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS). All participants completed intelligence test and hair mineral analysis. We divided the data of hair Mn into two groups to determine whether a deficit or excess of Mn are associated with ADHD. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to identify hair manganese levels associated with ADHD, controlling for age, sex, and full scale intelligence quotient (IQ).ResultsThe proportion of abnormal range Mn group was significantly high in ADHD compared to controls. However, after statistical control for covariates including age and sex, abnormal range Mn group was significantly associated with ADHD (OR=6.40, 95% CI=1.39-29.41, p=0.017).ConclusionThe result of this study suggests that excess exposure or deficiency of Mn were associated with ADHD among children in Korea. Further investigation is needed to evaluate the effects of hair manganese levels on symptoms in ADHD.
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