Hepatic ischemia−reperfusion injury (HIRI), which is a common pathophysiological process that occurs in hepatectomy, affects the survival and prognosis of patients. In this study, we synthesized chitosan-derived nitrogen-doped carbon dots (CNDs) with reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capabilities and applied them in the prevention of HIRI. CNDs demonstrated scavenging ability against ROS, particularly hydroxyl radicals. Our results show that CNDs can alleviate liver damage in mice, suppress the inflammatory response, and inhibit apoptosis triggered by liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) operation. Mechanistically, CNDs exhibit hepatoprotective effects on I/R injury due to the clearance of ROS. In summary, CNDs protect the liver against ischemia−reperfusion injury by suppressing oxidative stress damage.
Several studies have shown that males suffer more severe damage than females in the process of ischemia and reperfusion of the brain, heart and kidney. Accordingly, our study will reveal the correlation between the severity of hepatic ischemia‒reperfusion injury (HIRI) and sex, and preliminarily analyze the underlying mechanism. A total of 75 patients who were considered to have "benign liver tumors" at the initial admission and underwent partial hepatectomy were enrolled. We identified potential differences between different groups and discussed the correlation between the severity of HIRI and sex through a comparative analysis. Results showed that HIRI was more severe in males than in females, especially in younger patients. To explore whether estrogen level differences are the main reason for the sex differences in HIRI, we further revealed that HIRI in premenopausal females was more severe than that in postmenopausal females. By comparing the levels of gonadal hormones, we speculated that multiple gonadal hormones, including follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone, may jointly participate in the regulation of sex differences in HIRI together with estrogen.
PEComa, liver tumor, hepatectomy, mTOR inhibitors, TFE3 Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComas) are infrequent mesenchymal tumors. They are usually benign, and only a few are malignant. These tumors are more commonly found in middle-aged women. PEComas are mainly composed of differentiated perivascular epithelioid cells arranged radially around the vascular cavity, and they are usually positive for melanocyte markers and smooth muscle cell differentiation markers. Among the PEComas, hepatic PEComas generally have no obvious symptoms and no typical imaging manifestations. Malignant hepatic PEComas are even rarer. So, we explained our insights into clinical diagnosis and treatment of malignant hepatic PEComas, in order to help clinicians and pathologists to further understand PEComas.Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComas) are extremely infrequent (roughly equivalent to 1 case per 4 million population) mesenchymal tumors and typically diagnosed in females of an age range of 39-56 years old. PEComas are difficult to diagnose, as their morphology can be analogous to that of smooth muscle tumors (1,2). The 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Soft Tissue Tumors defined PEComa as a mesenchymal tumor composed of unique cells that focal associate with blood vessel walls and typically express melanocytic and smooth-muscle markers (3).According to existing statistics, most PEComas are benign, and commonly occur in the uterus and gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, PEComas can also develop in organs such as the kidney, lung and liver. These tumors should be considered malignant only if any two or more of the following situations are found: a. tumor diameter > 5 cm; b. infiltrative growth; c. pronounced heteromorphic nuclei; d. number of mitotic figures ≥ 1/50 HPF; e. necrosis; and f. vascular invasion.
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