Syntheses of carbonate chemistry spatial patterns are important for predicting ocean acidification impacts, but are lacking in coastal oceans. Here, we show that along the North American Atlantic and Gulf coasts the meridional distributions of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and carbonate mineral saturation state (Ω) are controlled by partial equilibrium with the atmosphere resulting in relatively low DIC and high Ω in warm southern waters and the opposite in cold northern waters. However, pH and the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) do not exhibit a simple spatial pattern and are controlled by local physical and net biological processes which impede equilibrium with the atmosphere. Along the Pacific coast, upwelling brings subsurface waters with low Ω and pH to the surface where net biological production works to raise their values. Different temperature sensitivities of carbonate properties and different timescales of influencing processes lead to contrasting property distributions within and among margins.

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An optimization of reverse osmosis (RO) networks for seawater desalination with spiral-wound modules (SWM) was presented in this work. The membrane transport model, which was based on the mass and momentum transport equations, took into consideration the longitudinal variation of the velocity, the pressure, and the salt concentration in the membrane modules. The pressure exchanger (PX) was included in the RO superstructure, and salinity increase caused by volumetric mixing in the PX was considered. The results obtained from the presented model were compared with the actual plant operational data from literature and found to be in good agreement with relative errors of 0.81%∼2.15% and 0.01%∼0.09%, in terms of water recovery and salt rejection, respectively. The optimum design problem was formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem. The variation of feed salinity was studied using the RO networks model. For the feed concentration higher than 32 kg/m 3 , one-stage RO system is favored. When the feed concentration is below 28 kg/m 3 , two-stage RO system is the better choice. The unit product cost increases with the decreases of permeate concentration requirement. For the looser permeate concentration requirement (0.30 kg/m 3 ), one-pass configuration can meet the required quality of desalted water. When the lower permeate quality requirement of concentration is from 0.050−0.20 kg/m 3 , a two-pass system is more suitable. The influence of system recovery rate on the plant performance was discussed. Finally, sensitivity analysis showed that the total annualized cost is highly sensitive to the feed flow rate, the operating pressure, and electricity cost, while the energy consumption is highly sensitive to the operating pressure, the feed salinity, and the feed temperature.

This paper presents a generalized dual space indicator method for imaging an obstacle in ocean environments. The method is based on the observation that the combination (weighted integration) of the measured scattered field can approximate the Green function very well when the Green function's source point is inside the obstacle, but not so well when the source is outside the obstacle. We set up an integral equation whose right-hand side is the Green function with a source point from a searching region. From our numerical experiments, we notice that the norm of the solution of the integral equation has local extrema that lie inside the unknown obstacle. Plotting the norm as a function of the source point in the searching region, and filtering out the region with no local extrema of the norm, we obtain a good image of the unknown obstacle. Imaging algorithms and numerical examples are presented.