Two typical Chinese high-rank coals with different iron contents, ZX coal from Zhenxiong, Yunnan province, and LY coal from Huaibei, Anhui province, were selected to study the effect of iron on ash behaviors at a high temperature in a reducing atmosphere. Two iron-bearing minerals (FeS 2 and Fe) were added to coals to change the C value (Fe 2 O 3 /CaO) and prepare different series of ash slag samples. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and FactSage were employed to study the chemical composition, crystal mineral compositions, and mineral transformation process. The effect of iron-bearing minerals on the liquidus temperature (LT) and C value of the liquid phase in slag system was discussed. The results show that two intermediates, iron carbide (Fe 3 C) and ferrosilicate (Fe 2.56 Si 0.44 O 4 ), are found in slag samples when FeS 2 was added to LY and ZX coals. The diffraction peak intensity of Fe 3 C decreases with the temperature increasing from 900 to 1000 °C, and that of Fe 2.56 Si 0.44 O 4 decreases from 1200 to 1300 °C. However, neither of the two minerals is found in slag samples with the addition of iron powder in coals. In comparison to that of the raw coal slag, the LT calculated by FactSage software of each slag sample decreases with the addition of iron-bearing minerals. The more the high-melting-point mineral is crystallized, the higher the LT. As iron-bearing mineral and/or calcium-bearing mineral behaviors (melting, transforming, or crystallizing) change with the temperature increasing, a complicated nonlinear correlation between the C value and slagging temperature is obtained.
In order to achieve good results of lowering the coal ash flow temperature. three different fluxes were chosen to blend. By use of the method of mixture design, the blending proportion of complex flux was optimized. In addition, a mathematical model describing the relationship between the flow temperature and proportion of complex flux was developed. The results show that the flux of A, B and C at a mass percentage of 0, 0.52 and 0.48 resulted in the minimum coal ash flow temperature, and the prediction result of the model proved correct by the verification test. Mixture design is a available and effective method for optimizing the formulation of complex flux.
Based on the Fokker-Planck description of a single-mode laser system and the projection operator method, the mean relaxation time T of a single-mode laser system with correlations between the real and imaginary parts of the quantum noise as well as the pump noise is studied. It is found that the mean relaxation time T increases with the increasing net gain a 0 and decreases with the increasing self-saturation coefficient A. T increases with the increasing pump noise strength Q but decreases with the increasing quantum noise strength D. The mean relaxation time T increases (decreases) with the increasing pump noise self-correlation time τ if a 0 > 0 (a 0 < 0). T decreases with the increasing |λ| (λ is the coefficient of cross-correlation between the real and imaginary parts of the quantum noise).
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