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Background and objectives Flour heat treatment is commonly used to improve dough and bread quality. This study creatively proposed applying partial preheated dough (PPHD) to frozen dough and evaluated bread characteristics and its internal mechanism systematically. Findings Results suggested that moderate PPHD level presented higher specific volume, softer hardness, more appealing brown crust color and more uniform texture of frozen dough bread. Moisture status analysis showed that PPHD restricted the mobility of overall water molecules and the migration from bound water to semi‐bound water. DSC and RVA results suggested that the inter‐ and intramolecular association of starch granules, leading to abundant formation of hydrogen bonds, strengthened the gluten matrix network. Besides, gelatinized starch granules in PPHD served as a paste to promote the cross‐linking of starch and gluten, which was observed by SEM. Conclusions Partial preheated dough inhibited ice recrystallization by restricting water migration and formed a highly networked starch–gluten structure that delayed its destruction during freezing. Significance and novelty This study demonstrated obvious improvement of PPHD on frozen dough quality and further explained the mechanism systematically. Moreover, the method was innovative, simple, and easy to operate, so it could help to promote the development of the frozen dough industry.

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composites Microwave absorption properties of rare metal-doped multi-walled carbon nanotube/polyvinyl chloridePublished by: http://www.sagepublications.com can be found at: Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites Additional services and information for AbstractUsing rare metal nitrate-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes as the absorber and polyvinyl chloride as the matrix, the microwave electromagnetic and absorbing properties of multi-walled carbon nanotube/polyvinyl chloride composites were studied. The complex permittivity of the composites doped with different rare metal nitrate decreased in the frequency region of 8.2-12.4 GHz. The minimum reflection loss of rare metal nitrate-doped multi-walled carbon nanotube/polyvinyl chloride composites decreased and shifted slightly to the higher frequency region, and the absorption bandwidth (<À10 dB or >90%) increased in the frequency range of 8-18 GHz compared to multi-walled carbon nanotube/polyvinyl chloride composites. The reflection loss (<À10 dB) of 0.2 wt% La(NO 3 ) 3 -doped multi-walled carbon nanotube/polyvinyl chloride composites is the widest from the absorption bandwidth (maximum is 5.12 GHz).

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