Previous studies documented that metal hyperaccumulation armours plants with direct defences against pathogens. In the present study, it was found that high leaf Mn concentrations (<2500 µg g(-1)) induced grapevine resistance to powdery mildew [Uncinula necator (Schw.) Burr]. Manganese delayed pathogen spreading after powdery mildew (PM) inoculation, but did not directly inhibit pathogen growth on a long-term basis. It was postulated that the grapevine resistance resulted from the induction of protective mechanisms in planta. To test this hypothesis, the proteome profile was analysed by Difference Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE) methods to identify proteins that are putatively involved in pathogen resistance. A high Mn concentration caused little oxidative pressure in grapevine, but oxidative stress was deeply enhanced by PM stress. Except for a few proteins that were related to oxidative pressure and proteins specially regulated by Mn or PM, most of the detected proteins exhibited similar changes under excess Mn stress and under PM stress, suggesting that similar signalling processes mediate the responses to the two stresses. As well as PM stress, high leaf Mn concentration significantly enhanced salicylic acid concentration and increased the expression of proteins involved in ethylene and jasmonic acid synthesis. The proteins related to pathogen resistance were also enhanced by excess Mn, including a PR-like protein, an NBS-LRR analogue, and a JOSL protein, and this was accompanied by the increased activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase. It was concluded that high leaf Mn concentration triggered protective mechanisms against pathogens in grapevine.
The Janus MoSSe sheet has aroused significant attention due to its band edge position and intrinsic dipole moment, making it a strong candidate for water splitting photocatalysis.
Exploring novel electrode composites and their unique interface physics plays a significant role in tuning electrochemical properties for boosting the performance of sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Herein, mixed‐dimensional G/NiS2‐MoS2 heterostructures are synthesized in a low‐cost meteorological vulcanization process. The stable graphene supporting layer and nanowire heterostructure guarantee an outstanding structural stability to tolerate certain volume changes during the charge/discharge process. The rational construction of NiS2‐MoS2 heterostructures induces abundant interfaces and unique ion diffusion channels, which render fast electrochemical kinetics and superior reversible capacities for high‐performance SIBs. Interestingly, theoretical studies reveal that the anisotropic diffusion barriers create unidirectional “high‐speed” channels, which can lead to ordered and fast Na+ insertion/extraction in designed heterostructures. G/NiS2‐MoS2 anode exhibits a high capacity of 509.6 mA h g−1 after 500 cycles and a coulombic efficiency >99% at 0.5 A g−1, which also displays excellent cycling performance with the capacity of 383.8 mA h g−1 after the 1000 cycles at 5 A g−1. Furthermore, full cells are constructed exhibiting a high capacity of 70 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 150 cycles and applied to light LEDs. This study provides a feasible strategy of constructing mixed‐dimensional heterostructures for SIBs with excellent performance and a long service lifetime.
The Li–O2 battery is a promising energy storage device; however, it is seriously hindered by the sluggish chemical reaction of cathode catalysts. Here, we study a cathode catalyst based on B- and N-doped and BN codoping on Stone–Wales defect graphene (SWG) by first-principles calculations. Interestingly, BN codoped structure not only increases the stability of the system but also exhibits extremely low discharge and charge overpotentials. The corresponding value of overpotential for the oxygen reduction reaction is 0.23 V, and the for oxygen evolution reaction, it is 0.29 V, indicating that the BN codoped structure is an excellent cathode catalyst for Li–O2 batteries. Further analysis proves that the overpotential is strongly determined by the adsorption behavior of the intermediates in the rate-determining steps (RDS). These findings elucidate the quantitative correlations between intermediate adsorption and catalytic behavior, which provides a promising approach in designing of Li–O2 battery cathode catalysts with highly activity. In addition, taking BN-SWG as a test case, we find that BN-SWG does not promote the formation of side product Li2CO3. On the other hand, it will not lead to the decomposition of the dimethyl sulfoxide electrolytes, indicating that BN-SWG can improve the reversible cycle life without producing Li2CO3-like species in Li–O2 batteries.
A vertical heterostructure is an effective method for regulating the properties of 2D materials that are superior to their individual components due to the interfacial interaction. Here, 2D ZnSe/BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I) vertical heterostructures as potential photocatalysts for water splitting are systematically investigated using first-principles calculations. The results indicate that the binding strength of the heterostructure is larger than −17.6 meV Å−2, favoring its experimental realization. Furthermore, the phonon dispersion and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) analysis also indicate its good dynamical and thermodynamic stability. Remarkably, the ZnSe/BiOX heterostructures form a type-II band alignment with a direct band gap ranging from 1.78 eV to 2.06 eV, which enables the separation of electrons and holes in two different layers upon visible-light irradiation. The ZnSe/BiOX heterostructures also show high electron mobility, leading to fast migration of photogenerated electrons and extension of their lifetimes. The projected band structure, partial density of states, and partial charge densities show that the electrons of the valence band maximum (VBM) and conduction band minimum (CBM) are located at different sides of the ZnSe/BiOX heterostructures. According to the Bader charge analysis and charge density difference, an internal electric field exists across the interface which will effectively promote the separation of the photoinduced electron–hole pairs. The band-edge positions of the ZnSe/BiOX heterostructures have demonstrated that the band levels of the VBM and CBM stride the oxidation and reduction potential for water splitting. In addition, the band gaps and band-edge positions of the ZnSe/BiOX heterostructures can be tuned by the in-layer biaxial strain. Therefore, our results suggest that ZnSe/BiOX heterostructures are a promising potential application for water splitting under visible light as a novel photocatalyst.
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