Background:Autoimmune encephalitis associated with antibodies against γ-aminobutyric acid B receptor (GABAB R) in patients with limbic encephalitis (LE) was first described in 2010. We present a series of Han Chinese patients for further clinical refinement.Methods:Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients referred to the program of encephalitis and paraneoplastic syndrome of Peking Union Medical College Hospital were tested with indirect immunofluorescence. Clinical information of patients with anti-GABAB R antibody positivity was retrospectively reviewed, and descriptive statistical analysis was performed.Results:All eighteen anti-GABAB R antibody-positive cases had limbic syndromes, and electroencephalogram (EEG) or neuroimaging evidence fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of LE. Four patients had additional antibodies against Hu in serum and one had anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antibody in both sera and CSF. Seventeen (17/18) patients presented with new-onset refractory seizure or status epileptics. Twelve (12/18) patients had memory deficits, 11 (11/18) patients had personality change, 7 (7/18) patients had disturbance of consciousness, and 3 (3/18) patients showed cerebellar dysfunction. One patient with LE had progressive motor and sensory polyneuropathy. Lung cancer was detected in 6 (6/18) patients. Ten (10/18) patients showed abnormality in bilateral or unilateral mediotemporal region on magnetic resonance imaging. Ten (10/18) patients had temporal lobe epileptic activity with or without general slowing on EEG. Seventeen patients received immunotherapy and 15 of them showed neurological improvement. Four patients with lung cancer died within 1–12 months due to neoplastic complications.Conclusions:Our study demonstrates that most Han Chinese patients with anti-GABAB R antibody-associated LE have prominent refractory epilepsy and show neurological improvement on immunotherapy. Patients with underlying lung tumor have a relatively poor prognosis. Testing for anti-GABAB R antibodies is necessary for patients with possible LE or new-onset epilepsy with unknown etiology.
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous platelet concentrate prepared from the whole blood that is activated to release growth factors (GFs) and cytokines and has been shown to have the potential capacity to reduce inflammation and improve tissue anabolism for regeneration. The use of PRP provides a potential for repair due to its abundant GFs and cytokines, which are key in initiating and modulating regenerative microenvironments for soft and hard tissues. Among outpatients, orthopedic injuries are common and include bone defects, ligament injury, enthesopathy, musculoskeletal injury, peripheral nerve injury, chronic nonhealing wounds, articular cartilage lesions, and osteoarthritis, which are caused by trauma, sport-related or other types of trauma, or tumor resection. Surgical intervention is often required to treat these injuries. However, for numerous reasons regarding limited regeneration capacity and insufficient blood supply of the defect region, these treatments commonly result in unsatisfactory outcomes, and follow-up treatment is challenging. The aim of the present review is to explore future research in the field of PRP therapy in the treatment of diseases associated with orthopedic injuries.
Background/Objective We seek to figure out the effect of stable and powerful mechanical microenvironment provided by Ti alloy as a part of subchondral bone scaffold on long-term cartilage regeneration. Methods: we developed a bilayered osteochondral scaffold based on the assumption that a stiff subchondral bony compartment would provide stable mechanical support for cartilage regeneration and enhance subchondral bone regeneration. The subchondral bony compartment was prepared from 3D printed Ti alloy, and the cartilage compartment was created from a freeze-dried collagen sponge, which was reinforced by poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA). Results In vitro evaluations confirmed the biocompatibility of the scaffold materials, while in vivo evaluations demonstrated that the mechanical support provided by 3D printed Ti alloy layer plays an important role in the long-term regeneration of cartilage by accelerating osteochondral formation and its integration with the adjacent host tissue in osteochondral defect model at rabbit femoral trochlea after 24 weeks. Conclusion Mechanical support provided by 3D printing Ti alloy promotes cartilage regeneration by promoting subchondral bone regeneration and providing mechanical support platform for cartilage synergistically. Translational potential statement The raw materials used in our double-layer osteochondral scaffolds are all FDA approved materials for clinical use. 3D printed titanium alloy scaffolds can promote bone regeneration and provide mechanical support for cartilage regeneration, which is very suitable for clinical scenes of osteochondral defects. In fact, we are conducting clinical trials based on our scaffolds. We believe that in the near future, the scaffold we designed and developed can be formally applied in clinical practice.
Improvement of the food value of rice straw is urgently required in rice crop growing areas to mitigate pollution caused by rice straw burning and enhance the supply of high-quality forages for ruminants. The aims of the present study were to compare the effects of fresh corn Stover and rice straw co-fermented with probiotics and enzymes on rumen fermentation and establish the feasibility of increasing the rice straw content in ruminant diets and, by extension, reducing air pollution caused by burning rice straw. Twenty Simmental hybrid beef cattle were randomly allotted to two groups with ten cattle per group. They were fed diets based either on rice straw co-fermented with probiotics and enzymes or fresh corn Stover for 90 days. Rumen fluid was sampled with an esophageal tube vacuum pump device from each animal on the mornings of days 30, 60, and 90. Bacterial diversity was evaluated by sequencing the V4-V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Metabolomes were analyzed by gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS). Compared to cattle fed fresh corn Stover, those fed rice straw co-fermented with probiotics and enzymes had higher (P < 0.05) levels of acetic acid and propionate in rumen liquid at d 60 and d 90 respectively, higher (P < 0.05) abundances of the phyla Bacteroidetes and Fibrobacteres and the genera Ruminococcus, Saccharofermentans, Pseudobutyrivibrio, Treponema, Lachnoclostridium, and Ruminobacter, and higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of metabolites involved in metabolisms of amino acid, carbohydrate, and cofactors and vitamins. Relative to fresh corn Stover, rice straw co-fermented with probiotics and enzymes resulted in higher VFA concentrations, numbers of complex carbohydrate-decomposing and H 2utilizing bacteria, and feed energy conversion efficiency in the rumen. It is of great significance to vigorously develop ruminant production in the main grain producing areas to increase the amount of crop straw in ruminant diet, reduce the pollution caused by crop straw burning, and increase the income of farmers and herdsmen. However, feeding large amounts of untreated crop straw to ruminants will reduce their performance and expel large amounts of methane, which not only reduces the energy efficiency of ruminant diet, but also adversely affects the climate 1. Therefore, the key problem to be solved is how to improve the effective fermentation of crop straw and reduce the formation of methane in the rumen while using crop straw to develop ruminant production.
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