To begin biochemical and molecular studies on the biosynthesis of the type II arabinogalactan chains on arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs), we adopted a bioinformatic approach to identify and systematically characterise the putative galactosyltransferases (GalTs) responsible for synthesizing the beta-(1,3)-Gal linkage from CAZy GT-family-31 from Arabidopsis thaliana. These analyses confirmed that 20 members of the GT-31 family contained domains/motifs typical of biochemically characterised beta-(1,3)-GTs from mammalian systems. Microarray data confirm that members of this family are expressed throughout all tissues making them likely candidates for the assembly of the ubiquitously found AGPs. One member, At1g77810, was selected for further analysis including location studies that confirmed its presence in the Golgi and preliminary enzyme substrate specificity studies that demonstrated beta-(1,3)-GalT activity. This bioinformatic/molecular study of CAZy GT-family-31 was validated by the recent report of Strasser et al. (Plant Cell 19:2278-2292, 2007) that another member of this family (At1g26810; GALT1) encodes a beta-(1,3)-GalT involved in the biosynthesis of the Lewis a epitope of N-glycans in Arabidopsis thaliana.
When cities develop rapidly, there are negative effects such as population expansion, traffic congestion, resource shortages, and pollution. It has become essential to explore new types of urban development patterns, and thus, the concept of the “smart city” has emerged. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the links between smart city policies and urban green total factor productivity (GTFP) in the context of China. Based on panel data of 200 cities in China from 2007–2016 and treating smart city policy as a quasi-natural experiment, the paper uses a difference-in-differences propensity score matching (PSM-DID) approach to prevent selection bias. The results show: (a) Smart city policies can significantly increase urban GTFP by 16% to 18%; (b) the larger the city, the stronger and more significant this promotion.
The galactosyltransferases (GalTs) have been extensively studied in mammals where they are involved in the synthesis of bothN‐ andO‐glycans on glycoproteins. In contrast, only a few studies have been published characterizing plant GalTs even though plants assemble many complex carbohydrates and glycoconjugates not found in other eukaryotes or bacteria, such as pectins, galactomannans, xyloglucans, arabinogalactan‐proteins (AGPs), proline‐rich proteins and extensins. Many enzymes characterized within family GT31 are mammalian and include the fringe proteins (GlcNAc‐β‐(1,3)‐Fuc), the chondroitin synthases (GlcUA‐β‐(1,3)‐GalNAc), and the β‐(1,3)‐GalTs. We attempted to categorize the putative β‐(1,3)‐GalTs and, where possible, we predicted their putative substrate specificity based on secondary structure and motifs shared with known β‐(1,3)‐GalTs. Ninety‐four plant sequences are assigned to CAZy family GT31, including 33 fromArabidopsis thaliana(At), and 39 fromOryza sativa(Os), but only one plant enzyme has as yet been biochemically characterized, At‐GalT1, which is involved in the production of the Lewisastructure ofN‐glycans (Gal β‐(1,3)‐GlcNAc). Phylogenetic analysis identified 11 distinct clades, of which 4 are plant‐specific. Clade 1 proteins contain the plant‐specific DUF604 domain. Clade 7 is defined by a galectin‐containing domain and both clades 7 and 10 contain GalT domains. The possible substrate specificity of these enzymes is predicted. Clade 11 proteins contain no obvious domains so no function can be assigned. Enzymes in clades 7 and 10 are speculated to be involved in the synthesis of both proteoglycans, such as AGPs, andN‐glycans.
Experts of a expert group observed 37 lessons within a day in G Middle School. In this paper, those 37 different grades, different subjects and different teachers teaching lessons, in accordance with the teaching effect as the mother sequence, grade, subject, coaching teachers as sub sequence, we made the gray relational analysis of classroom teaching, and obtained the conclusion that the older, the higher of titles, the higher grades, the better of teaching effectiveness, provided a quantitative basis for management of the school curriculum.Keywords-Classroom lectures observation and evaluation of gray system theory, Grey relational analysis I.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.