This paper reviews the recent research and development of novel visible-light induced photocatalysts with nanostructures. In recent years, Ag3PO4-based and BiVO4-based nanomaterials have drawn wide attention due to their narrow band gap and excellent photocatalytic performance. The development of the new material covers the synthesis condition, unique morphology, further modification which focused on the Ag3PO4 and BiVO4, respectively. Meanwhile, titanium dioxide has already become one of the classical photocatalyst. However, the band gap of TiO2 (3.2 eV) limits its efficient utilization of solar energy, two categories novel modification methods of TiO2 are proposed to make them active under visible light illumination. Using polymers and dye to modify TiO2 is a wonderful approach to achieve excellent electronic and optical properties mainly in aspect of photocatalytic application. Therefore, the paper summarizes novel nanosized photocatalysts with visible-light response including Ag3PO4-based, BiVO4-based and TiO2-based materials, and suggests the further research prospect for the visible-light induced photocatalysts.

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TiO 2 nanoparticles obtained by an improved polymerization-induced colloid aggregation (Im-PICA) method were sensitized by three squaraine dyes to construct dye/TiO 2 nanocomposite photocatalysts (1:3 mass ratios) with visible-light responses by a facile hydrothermal method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron miscroscopy (TEM) were employed to visually observe the surface morphologies of the samples. We studied the visible-light response using UV−vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and optical band gap calculations using the Tauc plot equation. The dyes exhibit excellent thermal stability, which is ascribed to the decomposition temperature reaching 300 °C based on thermogravimetric−differential thermogravimetric (TG−DTG) analysis. The photocatalytic activities of the as-prepared SQ/TiO 2 composites were assessed in terms of the degradation rate of methylene blue (MB) under visible-light irradiation. The ISQ/TiO 2 composites achieved best enhancement of photocatalytic activity under 150 min of visible-light irradiation. When ISQ/TiO 2 nanocomposites were applied for different photocatalytic degradation cycling times, the degradation rate still reached 68%, which reflects the fact that SQ/TiO 2 composites have a high photostability in the photocatalytic process. When taking the degradation rate and photoresponse into consideration, the combination mode between the ISQ dye and TiO 2 that obtained the optimal degradation rate tended to be a hydrogen bond, which exhibited a stronger binding force than the simple physical absorption of m-ISQ/TiO 2 and c-BSQ/TiO 2 based on the FT-IR analysis. Using total organic carbon (TOC) test and liquid chromatography (LC) results, we verified the degree of mineralization of the MB molecule. Based on the fluorescence spectra, the highest fluorescence quantum yield of ISQ dye (0.124) was far greater than those of c-BSQ (0.036) and m-ISQ (0.02). The molecular structures of the squaraine dyes and the electron distributions of their highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) states were given by geometrical optimization with Gaussian 98 at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level. Compared with the optical band gap calculated using the Tauc plot equation, we suggest that its energy was slightly less than the band gap due to the absorbed photon. This might be related to the localized central electronic, phonon, and local energy levels between the conduction band (CB) and the valence band (VB). The value of the optical band gap calculated from UV diffuse reflection spectroscopy (DRS) becomes less than the theoretical calculated energy band gap.

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A 1,3-bis[(3,3-dimethylindolin-2-ylidene)methyl]squaraine (ISQ) dye sensitized ZnO nanocomposites via two di®erent preparation methods including hydrothermal and ultrasonic sensitization processes are discussed in this paper. The as-prepared composites were characterized by the X-ray di®raction (XRD), UV-Vis di®use re°ectance spectroscopy (DRS), Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Based on the XRD patterns and TEM images, the ISQ/ ZnO nanocomposites still kept the characteristic peaks and the basic morphology of ZnO and ISQ dye. The photocatalytic activity of ISQ/ZnO nanocomposites was investigated by degrading methylene blue (MB) under visible-light illumination. Compared with the MB self-degradation rate, the photocatalytic activity of the ISQ/ZnO composites was enhanced remarkably. The ISQ/ZnO nanocomposites fabricated by ultrasonic sensitization method exhibited excellent photocatalytic degradation rate, approximately 20% higher than that of the hydrothermal sensitization one.