BackgroundConverging evidence revealed that facial expressions are processed automatically. Recently, there is evidence that facial expressions might elicit the visual mismatch negativity (MMN), expression MMN (EMMN), reflecting that facial expression could be processed under non-attentional condition. In the present study, using a cross modality task we attempted to investigate whether there is a memory-comparison-based EMMN.Methods12 normal adults were instructed to simultaneously listen to a story and pay attention to a non-patterned white circle as a visual target interspersed among face stimuli. In the oddball block, the sad face was the deviant with a probability of 20% and the neutral face was the standard with a probability of 80%; in the control block, the identical sad face was presented with other four kinds of face stimuli with equal probability (20% for each). Electroencephalogram (EEG) was continuously recorded and ERPs (event-related potentials) in response to each kind of face stimuli were obtained. Oddball-EMMN in the oddball block was obtained by subtracting the ERPs elicited by the neutral faces (standard) from those by the sad faces (deviant), while controlled-EMMN was obtained by subtracting the ERPs elicited by the sad faces in the control block from those by the sad faces in the oddball block. Both EMMNs were measured and analyzed by ANOVAs (Analysis of Variance) with repeated measurements. sLORETA (standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography) was used to investigate the cortical generators of controlled-EMMN.ResultsBoth the oddball-EMMN in deviant-standard comparison and the controlled-EMMN in deviant-control comparison were observed at occipital-temporal regions with right hemisphere predominance. The oddball-EMMN was bigger and earlier than the controlled-EMMN because, besides the memory-based comparison, the former included a difference of refractoriness due to the distinction of presented probability between the deviant and standard face stimuli. The source analysis of controlled-EMMN indicated a current source primarily involved in posterior areas including superior temporal gyrus, postcentral gyrus, inferior parietal lobule as well as the insula.ConclusionsThe valid EMMN properly reflecting the memory-based comparison of facial expressions could be obtained, i.e., the controlled-EMMN.

Using testing and questionnaire methods, this study investigated the relationships among openness to experience, intelligence and creative thinking. This study focused on the moderating effects of openness to experience on the relationship between intelligence and creative thinking in a sample of 831 primary school students in China. The findings showed significant positive relationships among openness to experience, intelligence and creative thinking. In relation to the focus of this study, openness to experience moderated the relationship between intelligence and creative thinking. However, the correlation between openness to experience and creative thinking was stronger for urban children than for rural children, and the moderating effect existed only in urban settings.

To investigate the relationship between Chinese children's migration from rural to urban areas and their divergent thinking, a study was conducted with 909 fifth and sixth Grade Chinese students. In the first phase, the divergent thinking scores of migrant children, rural children, and urban children were compared. Migrant children scored significantly higher than rural children, but lower than urban children. The divergent thinking performance of migrant children within different time frames of relocation (i.e., short-term, midterm, long-term) was also compared. Short-term migrant children scored significantly lower than both midterm and long-term migrant children on the divergent thinking test; however, there were no major differences between the scores of midterm and long-term migrant children.

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Aiming at the problem of target student source segmentation in Colleges and universities, this paper establishes a segmentation group evaluation system, selects candidate segmentation groups through comparative analysis, and uses ideal point algorithm to get the best segmentation group. Through the analysis, the established evaluation system of target student source subdivision group in Colleges and universities can do a good feasibility study on the selection decision of target student source group in Colleges and universities. The conclusion of the article has wide applicability, can guide colleges and universities to carry out enrollment publicity scientifically and reasonably, and is conducive to further optimizing the structure of student sources.

In view of the decision-making problem of target student source group selection in Colleges and universities, this paper makes a multi-objective feasibility analysis of target student source selection, and finds a method to help colleges and universities optimize the structure of student source. In order to analyze the multiple indicators and feasibility of the selected project, the analytic hierarchy process is used to establish a comprehensive evaluation and analysis structure model of the feasibility study, and the feasibility study conclusion of the target student source group selection decision is obtained. It is found that the model can better study the feasibility of the decision-making of the target group of college enrollment.