This study indicates a stark contrast between the frames by TV news and that of the major newspapers in the coverage of the two candlelight demonstrations in 2002 and 2008 in South Korea. The contrast implies that the frames used by TV news and major newspapers were constructed by two different thematic frames that competed for dominance in public concern: national interest on the one hand, and national prestige and human interests on the other. The TV news framed stories on the 2002 Yangju county accident and the import of American beef in ways to trigger anti‐Americanism, which was contrasted with major newspapers' consistent emphasis on national interest. Difference in ownership, target audience and the degree of dependence on advertising sponsors offered plausible explanations for the difference in frames. In addition, the number of journalists going into politics also offered insights into why TV news and newspapers framed the 2002 Yangju county accident and the import of US beef in very unique ways, either by triggering anti‐demonstrations or by tranquilizing protests through emphasizing national interests. Overall, difference in frames between major TV news and major newspaper stories represents ideological difference in the public opinion over conservatives versus progressives.

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The media in Korea and Japan share many common features. Young reporters in Korea today are still trained in the Japanese way; they begin their training by working in and around a police station, what they term as Satsu-mawari. The trainees must stay in the station for one or two months (harikomi) to make themselves accustomed to the police station, and more importantly, to leam the most effective method of abstracting news from day-to-day incidents. After spending two or three years at the police station, these reporters move to the prosecutor's office where they spend another two or three years. Only then are they entitled to work for such sections as politics, economy, culture andsports. In addition, Korean newspapers still use many Japanese words like urakei and nawabari. Common terminology used both by the Korean and Japanese media indicate that their working styles are similar. Indeed, reporters in Korea and Japan work under similar systems of reporting not only in terms of their hierarchical order but also in terms of the 'cap(tain) system' in the field.