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The present study aimed to investigate changes in cellular immune function and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) prior to and following transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) and their clinical significance. The proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and Tregs in the peripheral blood between healthy volunteers and patients with HCC were detected by flow cytometry prior to (1 day) and one month following TACE. The level of interleukin (IL)‑35 in the peripheral blood was examined by ELISA. In the peripheral blood of patients with HCC, the proportion of CD4+ T cells in the total T lymphocytes was significantly lower compared with that of healthy volunteers (26.71 ± 5.57, vs. 34.74 ± 2.86%; P<0.05) and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocytes in patients with HCC was lower compared with that of healthy adults prior to TACE (1.03 ± 0.14, vs. 1.68 ± 0.16, P<0.05). The ratio markedly increased following TACE treatment (30.52 ± 4.19, vs. 1.29 ± 0.14). The percentage of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells in the total CD4+ T cells isolated from the patients with HCC was markedly higher compared with that of healthy adults prior to TACE (11.12 ± 3.58%, vs. 4.98 ± 1.45%, P<0.05) and it was significantly decreased following TACE (7.58±2.65%; P<0.05). No statistically significant difference in the expression of IL‑35 was detected prior to or following TACE in patients with HCC and healthy adults (369.66 ± 95.53, 352.28 ± 107.50 and 316.24 ± 89.21 pg/ml, respectively). The level of AFP, an oncofetal protein of ~72 kDa, which is produced by normal gastrointestinal cells, yolk sac cells and fetal hepatocytes immediately following birth, was increased in patients with HCC (1674 ± 1649 ng/ml) and was significantly decreased following TACE (827 ± 981 ng/ml). Treg cells changed in positive correlation with the change of AFP, with a correlation coefficient of 0.401. TACE markedly improved the immune function of patients with HCC.

Background/Aims:This study aimed to verify the reliability of the alcoholic liver disease (ALD)/nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) index (ANI) for distinguishing ALD in patients with hepatic steatosis from NAFLD, and to investigate whether ANI combined with γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) would enhance the accuracy of diagnosis in China.Methods:A hundred thirty-nine cases of fatty liver disease (FLD) were divided into two groups of ALD and NAFLD. The ANI was calculated with an online calculator. All indicators and ANI values were analyzed using statistical methods.Results:ANI was significantly higher in patients with ALD than in those with NAFLD (7.11 ± 5.77 vs. –3.09 ± 3.89, p < 0.001). With a cut-off value of –0.22, the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of diagnosed ALD cases was 87.1%, 92.5%, and 0.934 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.879 to 0.969), respectively. The corresponding values for aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine transaminase (ALT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and GGT were 75.29%, 72.94%, and 0.826 (95% CI, 0.752 to 0.885); 94.34%, 83.02%, and 0.814 (95% CI, 0.739 to 0.875) and 80.23%, 79.25%, and 0.815 (95% CI, 0.740 to 0.876), respectively. ANI AUROC was significantly higher than the AST/ALT, MCV, or GGT AUROCs (all p < 0.001), moreover, ANI showed better diagnostic performance. The combination of ANI and GGT showed a better AUROC than ANI alone (0.976 vs. 0.934, p = 0.016). The difference in AUROCs between AST/ALT, MCV, and GGT was not statistically significant (all p > 0.05).Conclusions:ANI can help distinguish ALD from NAFLD with high accuracy; when ANI was combined with GGT, its effectiveness improved further.

Background Acute kidney injury (AKI), which is mainly caused by sepsis, has high morbidity and mortality rates. CXCL8 (3–72) K11R/G31P (G31P) can exert therapeutic effect on inflammatory diseases and malignancies. We aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of G31P on septic AKI. Methods An AKI mouse model was established, and kidney injury was assessed by histological analysis. The contents of serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were measured by commercial kits, whereas neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. The expressions of CXCL8 in serum and kidney tissues were determined using ELISA and immunohistochemical analysis, respectively. Apoptosis rate of renal tissue was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transfer-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) analysis. The expressions of inflammatory cytokines were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. The apoptosis-related proteins, JAK2, STAT3, NF-κB and IκB were determined by Western blot. Results G31P could reduce the levels of SCr, BUN, HGAL and KIM-1 and inhibit the renal tissue injury in AKI mice. G31P was also found to suppress the serum and nephric CXCL8 expressions and attenuated the apoptosis rate. The levels of inflammatory cytokines, pro-apoptotic proteins were decreased, while the anti-apoptotic proteins were increased by G31P in AKI mice. G31P also inhibited the activation of JAK2, STAT3 and NF-κB in AKI mice. Conclusion These results suggest that G31P could protect renal function and attenuate the septic AKI. Our findings provide a potential target for the treatment of AKI.

BackgroundNonspecific phospholipase C (NPC), which belongs to a phospholipase C subtype, is a class of phospholipases that hydrolyzes the primary membrane phospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholine, to yield sn-1, 2-diacylglycerol and a phosphorylated head-group. NPC plays multiple physiological roles in lipid metabolism and signaling in plants. To fully understand the putative roles of NPC genes in upland cotton, we cloned NPC genes from Gossypium hirsutum and carried out structural, expression and evolutionary analysis.ResultsEleven NPC genes were cloned from G. hirsutum, which were found on chromosomes scaffold269.1, D03, A07, D07, A08, D11, and scaffold3511_A13. All GhNPCs had typical phosphoesterase domains and have hydrolase activity that acts on ester bonds. GhNPCs were annotated as phospholipase C, which was involved in glycerophospholipid metabolism, ether lipid metabolism, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. These GhNPCs showed differential expression patterns in distinct plant tissues and in response to various types of stress (low-phosphate, salt, drought, and abscisic acid). They also had different types and numbers of cis-element. GhNPCs could be classified into four subfamilies. Four pairs of GhNPCs were generated by whole-genome duplication and they underwent purifying selection.ConclusionsOur results suggested that GhNPCs are involved in regulating key abiotic stress responses and ABA signaling transduction, and they may have various functional roles for different members under complex abiotic stress conditions. Functional divergence may be the evolutionary driving force for the retention of four pairs of duplicate NPCs. Our analysis provides a solid foundation for the further functional characterization of the GhNPC gene family, and leads to potential applications in the genetic improvement of cotton cultivars.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4370-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Objectives Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection plays an important role in the carcinogenesis and development of gastric cancer. Eradication of H. pylori can effectively reduce the risk of gastric cancer, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eradication of H. pylori on the expression levels of FHIT, IL-8 and P73 in the gastric mucosa of first-degree relatives of gastric cancer patients.MethodsOne hundred and thirty-two patients with functional dyspepsia having first-degree relatives with gastric cancer were prospectively recruited in this study. Nine patients presented with H. pylori infection and family histories of gastric cancer, 61 with H. pylori infection and without family histories of gastric cancer, 6 without H. pylori infection and with family histories of gastric cancer, and 56 without H. pylori infection and family histories of gastric cancer. The protein and mRNA expression levels of FHIT, IL-8 and P73 in gastric mucosa of the subjects were detected by immunohistochemical staining and polymerase chain reaction, respectively.ResultsCompared with the patients without H. pylori infection and family histories of gastric cancer, both the protein and mRNA levels of FIHT significantly decreased in patients with H. pylori infection and/or family histories of gastric cancer, and both the protein and mRNA levels of IL-8 significantly increased. After eradication of H. pylori, both the protein and mRNA levels of FHIT were significantly higher, and both the protein and mRNA levels of IL-8 were significantly lower. However, H. pylori infection and family histories of gastric cancer had no major effect on P73 expression.ConclusionsDown-regulation of FHIT and up-regulation of IL-8 may be involved in the pathogenesis of H. pylori infection in the first-degree relatives of gastric cancer patients.

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ERUS was a good method for the assessment of invasion of rectal tumors and lymph node involvement.