Renewable energy systems have received a lot of attention as sustainable technology in building sector. However, the efficiency of the renewable energy systems depends on the surrounding conditions, and it could gradually decrease by excessive and long-term operation. As a solution, a hybrid system can increase the reliability of energy production and decrease investment costs through by reducing the system capacity. The hybrid system operates at the ideal performance, but the design and operation method for hybrid system have not been established. In this paper, the performance of the hybrid system combined with photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) system and ground source heat pump (GSHP) system was analyzed using TRNSYS 17 and feasibility was assessed. The energy consumption and performance efficiency of hybrid system were calculated according to operating modes. Furthermore, seasonal performance factor (SPF) of hybrid system was compared with that of conventional GSHP system. System performance was analyzed in various conditions such as the usage of storage tank heating and set temperature for solar heating. As a result, the average SPF of the developed system increased about 55.3% compared with the GSHP system.
If a data center experiences a system outage or fault conditions, it becomes difficult to provide a stable and continuous information technology (IT) service. Therefore, it is critical to design and implement a backup system so that stability can be maintained even in emergency (unforeseen) situations. In this study, an actual 20 MW data center project was analyzed to evaluate the thermal performance of an IT server room during a cooling system outage under six fault conditions. In addition, a method of organizing and systematically managing operational stability and energy efficiency verification was identified for data center construction in accordance with the commissioning process. Up to a chilled water supply temperature of 17 • C and a computer room air handling unit air supply temperature of 24 • C, the temperature of the air flowing into the IT server room fell into the allowable range specified by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers standard (18-27 • C). It was possible to perform allowable operations for approximately 320 s after cooling system outage. Starting at a chilled water supply temperature of 18 • C and an air supply temperature of 25 • C, a rapid temperature increase occurred, which is a serious cause of IT equipment failure. Due to the use of cold aisle containment and designs with relatively high chilled water and air supply temperatures, there is a high possibility that a rapid temperature increase inside an IT server room will occur during a cooling system outage. Thus, the backup system must be activated within 300 s. It is essential to understand the operational characteristics of data centers and design optimal cooling systems to ensure the reliability of high-density data centers. In particular, it is necessary to consider these physical results and to perform an integrated review of the time required for emergency cooling equipment to operate as well as the backup system availability time.As shown in Figure 1, considerable technological infrastructure is required in data centers to meet even the minimum requirements for Tier 1 system availability (96.671% uptime per year), which is the basic level. In specialized colocation data centers for business purposes, enormous system construction costs are required for uninterrupted system operation to ensure Tier 3-4 high availability (95.995-99.982% uptime) [3]. On the other hand, interest in environmental problems such as global warming and the demand for low-energy and high-efficiency buildings is increasing, so the use of excessive facilities in the pursuit of reliability alone must be avoided. Considering these facts, ensuring stable and efficient performance is an important aspect of data center design and implementation. Conventional construction methods are focused on tangible results such as the construction period and financial costs (not quality) necessary to set up the data center infrastructure according to the design plans, which can make it difficult to verify whether non-IT equipment ...
An investigation was conducted into temporary modular housing for use in disaster areas to assess the feasibility of energy independence. Flexible modular units have been proposed as a temporary housing solution in disaster areas, as they can be deployed in combination with energy units across a wide range of environments. A dynamic energy simulation was used to examine the heating/cooling requirements and the potential photovoltaic power generation of such modular housing in an East Asian climate. This was used to assess the potential for energy independence. The building performance was analyzed based on measurements of airtightness, insulation performance, and thermal bridge phenomena taken from mock-up modular housing. According to the wall assembly method, it was confirmed that the airtightness performance was poor. Further investigations explored the possibility of reducing the annual heating/cooling loads by improving the airtightness, which would contribute to greater energy independence. In general, the specific housing needs of different victim groups can easily be satisfied through the application of different modular unit combinations.
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