A better understanding of the genetics of seedling characteristics in rice could be helpful in improving rice varieties. Zhenshan 97 and Minghui 63, the parents of Shanyou 63, an elite hybrid developed during the last decade in China, vary greatly with respect to their physiological and morphological traits at the seedling growth stage. In this study, we used a population of 240 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between Zhenshan 97 and Minghui 63 to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for seedling characteristics. All plant material was grown in hydroponic culture. Data for the following characters were collected at 30 days and 40 days post-sowing: plant height, shoot dry matter weight (SDW), maximum root length, root dry weight (RDW), total dry weight, and root-shoot ratio (the ratio of SDW to RDW). Analysis using composite interval mapping detected 16 QTL for the six traits in 30-day-old seedlings. Of these 16 QTL, Minghui 63 alleles increased trait values at only two of them. The QTL in the vicinity of R3166 on chromosome 5 simultaneously influenced PH, SDW, MRL, RDW, and TDW in the same direction. Twenty QTL were detected for the same traits in the 40-day-old seedlings. However, at this stage Minghui 63 alleles increased trait values at eight QTL. The QTL linked to R3166 also affected PH, SDW, MRL, RDW, and TDW. Only four QTL were common to the two stages. These results clearly indicate that different genes (QTL) control the same traits during different time intervals. Zhenshan 97 alleles had positive effects during the first 30 days of seedling growth, but thereafter the positive effects of Minghui 63 alleles on seedling growth gradually became more pronounced.
Using additives in the in-furnace
control of arsenic emissions is
promising for reducing the impact on the downstream selective catalytic
reduction system and blocking the spread of arsenic pollutants into
the environment. The study quantifies the arsenic adsorption capacity
of kaolinite at high temperature and clarifies its fixation pathway
with and without the existence of sodium vapor, which is easily adsorbed
by kaolinite. Experiments about Al-coordination and acid sites of
products, as well as calculations of thermodynamic equilibrium and
the adsorption energy based on density functional theory were performed.
During separated arsenic adsorption, nearly 40% of trivalent arsenic
[As(III)] is oxidized to pentavalent arsenic [As(V)] and bonded to
kaolinite, forming an As–O–Al structure. In this respect,
the arsenic adsorption capacity of kaolinite is 200 μg g–1, with 24% of arsenic shown to be well-crystallized
Al-bound. During the co-adsorption process, 82% of As(III) is oxidized
to As(V) and connected to the Al surface of kaolinite, and the O–Na
groups bond to As around the As–O–Al structure, thereby
forming Na–O–As–O–Al. The arsenic adsorption
capacity increased to 878 μg g–1 with well-crystallized
Al-bound arsenic accounting for 56%. This study demonstrates the potential
for the application of kaolinite as an arsenic adsorbent in the actual
furnace.
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