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Biomass has emerged as an abundant and relatively low cost carbon resource alternative to fossil fuel resources in the sustainable production of specialty chemicals and biofuel. Levulinic acid is an attractive platform chemical. Upgrading of levulinic acid produces levulinate esters, which serve as a transportation fuel and fuel additive. The present review focuses on the development of sustainable conversion of biomass into levulinic acid and levulinate esters via ionic liquids dual solvent–catalysts. The synthesis routes of levulinic acid and levulinate esters and the corresponding ionic liquids are introduced. The biomass pretreament, as well as the conversions of lignocellulosic biomass and their derivatives into levulinic acid and levulinate esters, are detailed in relation to the catalytic role, properties, and performance of acidic ionic liquids. Finally, the operating conditions affecting the ionic liquids catalytic conversions are discussed as part of a comprehensive review of this topic.

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