We report an optimization of the fabrication method on arrays of vertically grown nanometer scaled silver rod using nanosphere (polystyrene) lift-off on SiO 2 wafer as a surface-enhance Raman scattering substrate by thermal evaporation technology as well as real-time vapor phase detection of CHCl 3 by the radiation of fiber optic coupled 785 nm diode laser. Raman peak at 668.2 cm -1 for CHCl 3 (C-H stretching band) was compared to the peak at 1088.4 cm -1 of 1-propanethiol (CH 3 rock band) and the detection limit of CHCl 3 vapor phase contamination level was estimated as a function of the peak intensity ratio of 668.2 vs. 1088.4. The detectable range using Ag nanorod wells on SiO 2 substrate was 20-800 ppm. We were able to make significant steps toward developing cost effective nano-pattern as a Raman sensor.
The Korean government has actively accepted private investments in building expressways to improve its financial status. As of 2012, 422km of 9 private expressways are under operation, and until 2016 additional 15 are planned to be built with private investments. However, on average, each private expressway is at most 37km long, which works against economies of scale in maintenance and thus leads to inefficiencies such as traffic jams, driver inconveniences, and the increase in operating costs. To resolve these problems, the present study suggested that the maintenance and tolling system should be unified across each private operator. Unifying the operation of private expressways was expected to reduce user travel times and tolls, and save operator maintenance costs.These economic effects were expected to be tantamount to hundreds of billions of dollars. The shared toll collecting system will also reduce user's delays by removing main line tollgates. This can save another hundreds of billions of dollars by ensuring driver's convenience and safety.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.